CVE-2026-31236

CRITICALPre-NVD 9.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

Score 9.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2026-05-12. CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1 baseline 9.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1, EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory
Trending — 3 sources updated this week
9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan mitigationRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.5%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

No fix is confirmed yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for the fix.

The llm CLI tool thru 0.27.1 contains a critical code injection vulnerability via its --functions command-line argument. This argument is intended to allow users to provide custom Python function definitions. However, the tool directly executes the provided code using the unsafe exec() function without any sanitization, sandboxing, or security restrictions. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a malicious llm command with arbitrary Python code in the --functions argument and using social engineering to trick a victim into running it. This leads to arbitrary code execution on the victim's system, potentially granting the attacker full control.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
59
EG Risk 59/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
The EG Score, 9.8 of 10.
Exploitation0.5% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: No fix is confirmed yet. Restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high, and watch the vendor's advisory for the fix.
EPSS PROB
0.5%
EPSS %ILE
38th
KEV
Not listed

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

No fix is confirmed yet. Restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high, and watch the vendor's advisory for the fix.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

May 12, 2026

Last Modified

July 15, 2026

Advisory Details (5)

Auto-updated Oct 10, 2026
No fix on record yet. Sources: redhat.
Red Hat
https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-31236.json
Red Hat

2476636 – (CVE-2026-31236) CVE-2026-31236 llm: llm CLI tool: Arbitrary code execution via code injection in --functions argument

https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2476636
Red HatMentions a patch (unverified)

CVE-2026-31236 - Red Hat Customer Portal

Affected: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 or OpenShift Container Platform 4, is affected by this vulnerability and a fix may be released to a

https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-31236
Web page

Notion

https://www.notion.so/CVE-2026-31236-35d1e139318881a4a0f1fffcf671f7e3
Web page

GitHub - simonw/llm: Access large language models from the command-line · GitHub

https://github.com/simonw/llm

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-31236(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(1)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
pipllm—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(3 across 3 ecosystems)
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
llm0.14-1 ... 0.36-1 (22 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
llm0.14-1 ... 0.36-1 (22 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
PyPI(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
llm0.1 ... 0.9a1 (55 versions)
  • every version through 0.27.1: no fix on record
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 20× in last 7d / 35× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 95 of 357 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 5 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 262 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-16 22:22 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-16 22:21 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  3. 2026-10-16 16:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  4. 2026-10-15 19:00 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-15 18:59 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  6. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  7. 2026-10-14 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  8. 2026-10-14 12:46 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-14 12:46 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  10. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  11. 2026-10-13 10:41 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-13 10:41 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  14. 2026-10-12 16:15 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-12 08:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  16. 2026-10-11 19:57 UTCEG score recompute
  17. 2026-10-11 17:11 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-11 14:39 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  20. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  21. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  22. 2026-10-08 17:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  23. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
  24. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  25. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
Show 70 more
  1. 2026-10-04 23:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  2. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  3. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  4. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  5. 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  6. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  7. 2026-09-26 00:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 37th percentile
  8. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 26th percentile
  9. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  10. 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  11. 2026-09-16 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  12. 2026-09-16 05:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  13. 2026-09-13 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  14. 2026-09-12 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  15. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  16. 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  17. 2026-09-08 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  18. 2026-09-07 16:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  19. 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  20. 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  21. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  22. 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  23. 2026-09-01 04:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  24. 2026-08-30 19:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  25. 2026-08-30 01:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  26. 2026-08-28 21:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  27. 2026-08-27 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  28. 2026-08-26 14:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  29. 2026-08-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  30. 2026-08-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 24th percentile
  31. 2026-08-24 00:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  32. 2026-08-23 18:20 UTCEG score recompute
  33. 2026-08-23 18:20 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  34. 2026-08-23 00:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  35. 2026-08-21 23:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  36. 2026-08-20 22:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  37. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  38. 2026-08-18 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  39. 2026-08-17 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  40. 2026-08-17 10:53 UTCEG score recompute
  41. 2026-08-17 10:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  42. 2026-08-16 14:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  43. 2026-08-16 08:36 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  44. 2026-08-16 04:15 UTCEG score recompute
  45. 2026-08-16 04:15 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  46. 2026-08-16 02:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  47. 2026-08-15 01:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  48. 2026-08-15 00:26 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  49. 2026-08-14 20:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  50. 2026-08-14 15:46 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  51. 2026-08-14 11:26 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  52. 2026-08-14 07:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  53. 2026-08-14 02:46 UTCEG score recompute
  54. 2026-08-14 02:46 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  55. 2026-08-13 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  56. 2026-08-13 10:47 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  57. 2026-08-13 05:56 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  58. 2026-08-13 00:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  59. 2026-08-12 20:35 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  60. 2026-08-12 16:15 UTCEG score recompute
  61. 2026-08-12 16:15 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  62. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 25th percentile
  63. 2026-08-12 00:28 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  64. 2026-08-11 20:07 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  65. 2026-08-11 15:42 UTCEG score recompute
  66. 2026-08-11 15:42 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  67. 2026-08-11 09:50 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  68. 2026-08-11 05:24 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  69. 2026-08-11 01:04 UTCEG score recompute
  70. 2026-08-11 01:04 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-g76p-4vg5-f4qh · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8

Related CVEs(same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-31236?
CVE-2026-31236 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on May 12, 2026. The llm CLI tool thru 0.27.1 contains a critical code injection vulnerability via its --functions command-line argument. This argument is intended to allow users to provide custom Python function definitions. However, the tool directly executes the provided code using the unsafe exec() function…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-31236 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2026-31236 was published on May 12, 2026. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of July 15, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-31236 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-31236 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (38th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-31236?
CVE-2026-31236 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 9.8 (CISA-ADP / Vulnrichment enrichment; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-31236?
No fix for CVE-2026-31236 is confirmed yet. Until one is published, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation — for example, keep it off the internet or limit it to trusted networks — and watch the vendor's advisory for the fix. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-31236 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2026-31236

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2026-31236?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.

Book a Demo →Browse All CVEs