CVE-2025-9231

MEDIUMPre-NVD 6.56.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

Score 6.5 from GitHub Security Advisory published 2025-09-30. CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1 baseline 6.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1, EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory

Also known asEUVD-2025-31728 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-9mrx-mqmg-gwj9 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

6.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 2.2%CVSS: 6.5Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

Issue summary: A timing side-channel which could potentially allow remote recovery of the private key exists in the SM2 algorithm implementation on 64 bit ARM platforms.

Impact summary: A timing side-channel in SM2 signature computations on 64 bit ARM platforms could allow recovering the private key by an attacker..

While remote key recovery over a network was not attempted by the reporter, timing measurements revealed a timing signal which may allow such an attack.

OpenSSL does not directly support certificates with SM2 keys in TLS, and so this CVE is not relevant in most TLS contexts. However, given that it is possible to add support for such certificates via a custom provider, coupled with the fact that in such a custom provider context the private key may be recoverable via remote timing measurements, we consider this to be a Moderate severity issue.

The FIPS modules in 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1 and 3.0 are not affected by this issue, as SM2 is not an approved algorithm.

CVSS v3
6.5
EG Score
6.5MEDIUMmedium confidence
EG Risk
30
EG Risk 30/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity65% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 6.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation2.2% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
2.2%
EPSS %ILE
82nd
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (6.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 6.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
6.5 MEDIUMCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
2.2% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-24). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

September 30, 2025

Last Modified

July 14, 2026

Advisory Details (7)

Auto-updated May 11, 2026
Patch available.
Web page

oss-security - OpenSSL ARM64 SM2 scalar multiplication timing side-channel (no CVE)

http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/05/11/11
Web page

oss-security - OpenSSL Security Advisory

http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/09/30/5
Web page

SM2: Use constant time modular inversion · openssl/openssl@fc47a2e · GitHub

https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/fc47a2ec078912b3e914fab5734535e76c4820c2
Web page

SM2: Use constant time modular inversion · openssl/openssl@eed5adc · GitHub

https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/eed5adc9f969d77c94f213767acbb41ff923b6f4
Web page

SM2: Use constant time modular inversion · openssl/openssl@cba616c · GitHub

https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/cba616c26ac8e7b37de5e77762e505ba5ca51698
Web page

SM2: Use constant time modular inversion · openssl/openssl@567f643 · GitHub

https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/567f64386e43683888212226824b6a179885a0fe

Patch Availability(2)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntuopenssl (1.0.1f-1ubuntu2.27+esm11) @ trusty2026-10-23ubuntu
redhatopenssl-main-3.5.6-0.1.hum12026-04-09redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(7 across 7 ecosystems)
Alpine:v3.20(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl—
  • every version up to 3.3.5-r0: fixed in 3.3.5-r0
—
Alpine:v3.21(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl—
  • every version up to 3.3.5-r0: fixed in 3.3.5-r0
—
Alpine:v3.22(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl—
  • every version up to 3.5.4-r0: fixed in 3.5.4-r0
—
Alpine:v3.23(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl—
  • every version up to 3.5.4-r0: fixed in 3.5.4-r0
—
Alpine:v3.24(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl—
  • every version up to 3.5.4-r0: fixed in 3.5.4-r0
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl3.5.1-1
  • every version up to 3.5.1-1+deb13u1: fixed in 3.5.1-1+deb13u1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openssl3.5.1-1, 3.5.2-1, 3.5.3-1, 3.5.4-1~deb13u1, 3.5.4-1~deb13u2
  • every version up to 3.5.4-1: fixed in 3.5.4-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(1)

Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 8× in last 7d / 38× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 99 of 204 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 1 repeat row among the latest 100 is merged into the row it repeats. The 105 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-29 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  2. 2026-10-28 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  3. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
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  6. 2026-10-25 15:59 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  8. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  9. 2026-10-23 11:08 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-23 11:08 UTCVendor advisory
  11. 2026-10-23 11:08 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9mrx-mqmg-gwj9 · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  12. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  13. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
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  16. 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  17. 2026-10-18 05:13 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
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  20. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
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  22. 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  23. 2026-10-12 16:43 UTCEG score recompute
  24. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  25. 2026-10-11 20:18 UTCEG score recompute
Show 74 more
  1. 2026-10-11 18:30 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-11 15:04 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  4. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  5. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
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  7. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  8. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  9. 2026-10-06 08:19 UTCOSV refresh
  10. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  11. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  12. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  13. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  14. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  15. 2026-09-29 15:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  16. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  17. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  18. 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
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  20. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 82nd percentile
  21. 2026-09-16 16:09 UTCOSV refresh
  22. 2026-09-16 05:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  23. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  24. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
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  27. 2026-09-08 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  28. 2026-09-07 16:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
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  35. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  36. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  37. 2026-08-28 15:53 UTCOSV refresh
  38. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  39. 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  40. 2026-08-23 00:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  41. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
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  44. 2026-08-18 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  45. 2026-08-16 14:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
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  49. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  50. 2026-08-12 04:17 UTCOSV refresh
  51. 2026-08-11 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  52. 2026-08-10 23:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
  53. 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 81st percentile
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  65. 2026-07-27 14:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 80th percentile
  66. 2026-07-27 10:09 UTCOSV refresh
  67. 2026-07-26 14:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 80th percentile
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  71. 2026-07-23 03:03 UTCEG score recompute
  72. 2026-07-22 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 80th percentile
  73. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 80th percentile
  74. 2026-07-20 17:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.2% · 80th percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-9231?
CVE-2025-9231 is a medium-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on September 30, 2025. Issue summary: A timing side-channel which could potentially allow remote recovery of the private key exists in the SM2 algorithm implementation on 64 bit ARM platforms. Impact summary: A timing side-channel in SM2 signature computations on 64 bit ARM platforms could allow recovering the private…
When was CVE-2025-9231 made public?
CVE-2025-9231 was made public on September 30, 2025: that is the date its CVE record's CNA, OpenSSL Software Foundation, gives for when the vulnerability was made public. The CVE record itself was published on September 30, 2025. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of July 14, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-9231 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-9231 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 2.2% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (82nd percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-9231?
CVE-2025-9231 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.5 (CISA-ADP / Vulnrichment enrichment; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-9231?
A fix for CVE-2025-9231 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-9231 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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