CVE-2025-40158

HIGHPre-NVD 8.18.1
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

Score 8.1 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2025-11-12. A secondary CVSS source baseline 8.1; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, a secondary CVSS source
Trending — 4 sources updated this week
8.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.5%CVSS: 8.1Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_output()

Use RCU in ip6_output() in order to use dst_dev_rcu() to prevent possible UAF.

We can remove rcu_read_lock()/rcu_read_unlock() pairs from ip6_finish_output2().

CVSS v3
8.1
EG Score
8.1HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
37
EG Risk 37/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity81% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.5% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.5%
EPSS %ILE
44th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (8.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
8.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.5% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS. FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

November 12, 2025

Last Modified

October 21, 2026

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026
Patch available.
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_output() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/11709573cc4e48dc34c80fc7ab9ce5b159e29695
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_output() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0393f85c3241c19ba8550f04a812e7d19f6b3082

Patch Availability(19)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-tegra-rt-6.8 (6.8.0-1035.38) @ noble2026-10-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.17.0-14.14) @ questing2026-10-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-64k-6.17 (6.17.0-1007.7) @ questing2026-10-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-64k-6.17 (6.17.0-1007.7) @ questing2026-10-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oem-6.17 (6.17.0-1011.11) @ noble2026-10-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-6.17 (6.17.0-1008.8) @ questing2026-10-21ubuntu
redhatkernel-0:6.12.0-55.82.1.el10_02026-06-22redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.194.1.el8_42026-06-17redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-284.176.1.el9_22026-06-17redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-284.176.1.rt14.461.el9_22026-06-17redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-372.195.1.el8_62026-06-12redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-570.120.1.el9_62026-06-11redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-427.129.1.el9_42026-06-04redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-477.145.1.el8_82026-06-04redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-553.104.1.rt7.445.el8_102026-02-10redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-553.104.1.el8_102026-02-09redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-611.30.1.el9_72026-02-09redhat
redhatkernel-0:6.12.0-124.31.1.el10_12026-02-02redhat
linuxKernel @ 6.17.3 (fixes >=4.13.0)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(4 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 7.2~rc5-1~exp1 (496 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.1.106-1 ... 7.2~rc7-1~exp1 (350 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.100-1 ... 7.2~rc7-1~exp1 (174 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.100-1 ... 6.17.5-1~exp1 (75 versions)
  • every version up to 6.17.6-1: fixed in 6.17.6-1
—

Additional Vendor Advisories

(6)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 19× in last 7d / 50× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 98 of 234 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 2 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 136 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  2. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  3. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  4. 2026-10-21 13:51 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-21 13:51 UTCVendor advisory
  6. 2026-10-21 13:50 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  7. 2026-10-21 12:58 UTCVendor advisory
  8. 2026-10-21 12:57 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  9. 2026-10-21 12:28 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-21 12:28 UTCVendor advisory
  11. 2026-10-21 12:28 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  12. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  13. 2026-10-19 21:27 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-10-19 21:27 UTCVendor advisory
  15. 2026-10-19 21:26 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  16. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  17. 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  18. 2026-10-18 05:34 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  20. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  21. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  22. 2026-10-15 11:26 UTCEG score recompute
  23. 2026-10-15 11:26 UTCVendor advisory
  24. 2026-10-15 11:25 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  25. 2026-10-15 10:28 UTCEG score recompute
Show 73 more
  1. 2026-10-15 10:28 UTCVendor advisory
  2. 2026-10-15 10:28 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  3. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  4. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  5. 2026-10-12 17:06 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  7. 2026-10-11 20:39 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-11 18:50 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-11 15:27 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  11. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  12. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  13. 2026-10-08 17:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  14. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  15. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  16. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  17. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  18. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  19. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  20. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  21. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  22. 2026-09-27 02:12 UTCOSV refresh
  23. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  24. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  25. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  26. 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  27. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  28. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  29. 2026-09-17 19:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  30. 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  31. 2026-09-16 05:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  32. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  33. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  34. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  35. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  36. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  37. 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  38. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  39. 2026-09-07 11:18 UTCOSV refresh
  40. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  41. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  42. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  43. 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  44. 2026-09-01 04:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  45. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  46. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  47. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  48. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  49. 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  50. 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  51. 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  52. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  53. 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  54. 2026-08-20 20:31 UTCOSV refresh
  55. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  56. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  57. 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  58. 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  59. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  60. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  61. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  62. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  63. 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  64. 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  65. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  66. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  67. 2026-08-05 12:52 UTCEG score recompute
  68. 2026-08-05 12:52 UTCVendor advisory
  69. 2026-08-05 12:52 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4g43-pmw7-v27w · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  70. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  71. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  72. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  73. 2026-08-02 02:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-40158?
CVE-2025-40158 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on November 12, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ipv6: use RCU in ip6_output() Use RCU in ip6output() in order to use dstdev_rcu() to prevent possible UAF. We can remove rcureadlock()/rcureadunlock() pairs from ip6finishoutput2().
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-40158 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-40158 was published on November 12, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 21, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-40158 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-40158 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (44th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-40158?
CVE-2025-40158 has a CVSS base score of 8.1 (a secondary CVSS source that NVD displays; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-40158?
A fix for CVE-2025-40158 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-40158 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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