CVE-2025-40135

HIGHPre-NVD 8.18.1
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

Score 8.1 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2025-11-12. A secondary CVSS source baseline 8.1; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, a secondary CVSS source
Trending — 4 sources updated this week
8.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.7%CVSS: 8.1Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit()

Use RCU in ip6_xmit() in order to use dst_dev_rcu() to prevent possible UAF.

CVSS v3
8.1
EG Score
8.1HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
37
EG Risk 37/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity81% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.7% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.7%
EPSS %ILE
52nd
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (8.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
8.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.7% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-19). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

November 12, 2025

Last Modified

October 19, 2026

Advisory Details (7)

Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026
Patch available.
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f7f9e924f23684b4b23cd9f976cceab24a968e34
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f69fec6287565fdeb61f65e700a1184352306943
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f0a54d00d2f36de40266f47c27989853e8588656
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bd0905e2122e3680968cd0741966983490bf2ed3
Web page

ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9085e56501d93af9f2d7bd16f7fcfacdde47b99c

Patch Availability(31)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-virtual-6.8 (6.8.0-136.136) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-edge (6.8.0-1058.61~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1064.72+fips1) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fde-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1062.69) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fde-6.8 (6.8.0-1062.69~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1063.71+fips2) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1061.64+fips1) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-realtime-6.8 (6.8.0-2050.52) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-64k-6.17 (6.17.0-1007.7) @ questing2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1063.71) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1061.64+1) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp (6.8.0.1033.34) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-64k-6.17 (6.17.0-1007.7) @ questing2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.17.0-14.14) @ questing2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oem-6.17 (6.17.0-1011.11) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-22.04-edge (6.8.0-136.136~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1058.61) @ noble2026-10-19ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-hwe-22.04-edge (6.8.0-1059.62~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-10-19ubuntu
redhatkernel-0:6.12.0-55.82.1.el10_02026-06-22redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.194.1.el8_42026-06-17redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-284.176.1.rt14.461.el9_22026-06-17redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-284.176.1.el9_22026-06-17redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-372.195.1.el8_62026-06-12redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-570.120.1.el9_62026-06-11redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-427.129.1.el9_42026-06-04redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-477.145.1.el8_82026-06-04redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-553.104.1.rt7.445.el8_102026-02-10redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-611.30.1.el9_72026-02-09redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-553.104.1.el8_102026-02-09redhat
redhatkernel-0:6.12.0-124.31.1.el10_12026-02-02redhat
linuxKernel @ 6.1.167 (fixes >=4.13.0)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(5 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 7.2~rc5-1~exp1 (496 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
linux-6.16.1.106-3~deb11u1 ... 6.1.164-1~deb11u1 (16 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.170-1~deb11u1: fixed in 6.1.170-1~deb11u1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.1.106-1 ... 6.1.99-1 (48 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.170-1: fixed in 6.1.170-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.38-1 ... 6.12.85-1~bpo12+1 (17 versions)
  • every version up to 6.12.85-1: fixed in 6.12.85-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.100-1 ... 6.17.5-1~exp1 (75 versions)
  • every version up to 6.17.6-1: fixed in 6.17.6-1
—

Additional Vendor Advisories

(12)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 11× in last 7d / 42× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 98 of 231 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 2 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 133 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  2. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  3. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  4. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  5. 2026-10-19 21:27 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-19 21:27 UTCVendor advisory
  7. 2026-10-19 21:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-q28q-889g-6rx2 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  8. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  9. 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  10. 2026-10-18 05:34 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  12. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  13. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  14. 2026-10-15 02:39 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-15 02:39 UTCVendor advisory
  16. 2026-10-15 02:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-q28q-889g-6rx2 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  17. 2026-10-15 01:43 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-15 01:43 UTCVendor advisory
  19. 2026-10-15 01:42 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-q28q-889g-6rx2 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  20. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  21. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  22. 2026-10-12 17:06 UTCEG score recompute
  23. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  24. 2026-10-11 20:39 UTCEG score recompute
  25. 2026-10-11 18:50 UTCEG score recompute
Show 73 more
  1. 2026-10-11 15:27 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  3. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  4. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  5. 2026-10-08 17:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  6. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  7. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  8. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  9. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  10. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  11. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  12. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  13. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  14. 2026-09-28 02:02 UTCOSV refresh
  15. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  16. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  17. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  18. 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  19. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  20. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  21. 2026-09-17 19:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  22. 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  23. 2026-09-16 05:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  24. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  25. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  26. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  27. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  28. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  29. 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  30. 2026-09-08 09:47 UTCEG score recompute
  31. 2026-09-08 09:47 UTCVendor advisory
  32. 2026-09-08 09:47 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-q28q-889g-6rx2 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  33. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  34. 2026-09-07 11:18 UTCOSV refresh
  35. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  36. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  37. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  38. 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  39. 2026-09-01 04:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  40. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  41. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  42. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  43. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  44. 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  45. 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  46. 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  47. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  48. 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  49. 2026-08-20 20:31 UTCOSV refresh
  50. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  51. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  52. 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  53. 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  54. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  55. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  56. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  57. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  58. 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  59. 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  60. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  61. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  62. 2026-08-05 12:52 UTCEG score recompute
  63. 2026-08-05 12:52 UTCVendor advisory
  64. 2026-08-05 12:52 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-q28q-889g-6rx2 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
  65. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  66. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  67. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  68. 2026-08-02 02:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  69. 2026-08-01 04:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  70. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  71. 2026-07-30 06:28 UTCEG score recomputeFirst assessed: 8.1 HIGH
  72. 2026-07-30 06:28 UTCVendor advisory
  73. 2026-07-30 06:28 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-q28q-889g-6rx2

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-40135?
CVE-2025-40135 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on November 12, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ipv6: use RCU in ip6_xmit() Use RCU in ip6xmit() in order to use dstdev_rcu() to prevent possible UAF.
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-40135 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-40135 was published on November 12, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 19, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-40135 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-40135 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.7% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (52nd percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-40135?
CVE-2025-40135 has a CVSS base score of 8.1 (a secondary CVSS source that NVD displays; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-40135?
A fix for CVE-2025-40135 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-40135 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

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