CVE-2025-65945

HIGHPre-NVD 7.57.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

This high-severity CVE scores 7.5 under a secondary CVSS source (NVD's own analysis pending). EPSS exploit probability: 0.2% (11th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from a secondary CVSS source
Sources: EPSS, a secondary CVSS source
Trending — 3 sources updated this weekElevated
7.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Public exploit or proof-of-concept code is available
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.2%CVSS: 7.5Exploit: Public PoCExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

auth0/node-jws is a JSON Web Signature implementation for Node.js. In versions 3.2.2 and earlier and version 4.0.0, auth0/node-jws has an improper signature verification vulnerability when using the HS256 algorithm under specific conditions. Applications are affected when they use the jws.createVerify() function for HMAC algorithms and use user-provided data from the JSON Web Signature protected header or payload in HMAC secret lookup routines, which can allow attackers to bypass signature verification. This issue has been patched in versions 3.2.3 and 4.0.1.

CVSS v3
7.5
EG Score
7.5HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
65
EG Risk 65/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity75% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.2%
EPSS %ILE
11th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (7.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
7.5 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.a secondary CVSS source · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.2% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-17). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

December 4, 2025

Last Modified

October 18, 2026

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Jul 24, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Improper HMAC Signature Verification in auth0/node-jws · Advisory · auth0/node-jws · GitHub

https://github.com/auth0/node-jws/security/advisories/GHSA-869p-cjfg-cm3x
GitHub commit Patch Available

commit 34c45b2c0443 (auth0/node-jws)

Patch available: auth0/node-jws v4.0.1 (contains commit 34c45b2c0443)

https://github.com/auth0/node-jws/commit/34c45b2c04434f925b638de6a061de9339c0ea2e

Patch Availability(13)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
redhatquay/quay-rhel8:17730888622026-03-10redhat
redhatquay/quay-rhel8:17730976212026-03-10redhat
redhatrhtas/updatetree-rhel9:17707341182026-02-18redhat
redhatrhtas/createtree-rhel9:17707341182026-02-18redhat
redhatrhtas/trillian-redis-rhel9:17707341182026-02-18redhat
redhatquay/quay-rhel8:17708561032026-02-16redhat
redhatquay/quay-rhel8:17702491832026-02-16redhat
redhatquay/quay-rhel9:17708369012026-02-12redhat
redhatdevspaces/openvsx-rhel9:17696917542026-02-10redhat
redhatquay/quay-rhel8:17701465652026-02-04redhat
redhatquay/quay-rhel8:17698520132026-02-02redhat
redhatrhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9:17682474012026-01-13redhat
redhatrhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9:1.7.4-17677150422026-01-07redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
npm(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
jws4.0.0
  • every version up to 3.2.3: fixed in 3.2.3
  • 4.0.0 up to 4.0.1: fixed in 4.0.1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 35× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 94 of 185 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 6 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 91 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  2. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  3. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  4. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  5. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  6. 2026-10-18 15:27 UTCVendor advisory
  7. 2026-10-18 05:19 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-17 23:10 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-17 23:10 UTCVendor advisory
  10. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  11. 2026-10-16 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  12. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  13. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  14. 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  15. 2026-10-12 16:49 UTCEG score recompute
  16. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  17. 2026-10-11 20:23 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-11 18:35 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-11 15:10 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  21. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  22. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  23. 2026-10-08 17:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  24. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  25. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
Show 69 more
  1. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  2. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  3. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  4. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  5. 2026-10-01 06:40 UTCOSV refresh
  6. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  7. 2026-09-29 15:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  8. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  9. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  10. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  11. 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  12. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  13. 2026-09-19 15:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  14. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  15. 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  16. 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  17. 2026-09-15 03:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  18. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  19. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  20. 2026-09-12 08:10 UTCOSV refresh
  21. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  22. 2026-09-11 09:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  23. 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  24. 2026-09-08 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  25. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  26. 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  27. 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  28. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  29. 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  30. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  31. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  32. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  33. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  34. 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  35. 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  36. 2026-08-24 14:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  37. 2026-08-24 13:02 UTCOSV refresh
  38. 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  39. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  40. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  41. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  42. 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  43. 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  44. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  45. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  46. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  47. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  48. 2026-08-11 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  49. 2026-08-10 23:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  50. 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  51. 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  52. 2026-08-08 08:37 UTCEG score recompute
  53. 2026-08-08 08:37 UTCVendor advisory
  54. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  55. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  56. 2026-08-05 19:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  57. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  58. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  59. 2026-08-02 02:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  60. 2026-08-01 04:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  61. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  62. 2026-07-30 01:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  63. 2026-07-28 15:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  64. 2026-07-27 14:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  65. 2026-07-26 14:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  66. 2026-07-26 09:39 UTCEG score recompute
  67. 2026-07-26 09:39 UTCVendor advisory
  68. 2026-07-25 14:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  69. 2026-07-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile

Publicly available exploits

(1 reference)

Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (1 GitHub PoC). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly.

  • GitHub PoCjedisct1/CVE-2025-65945-poc
    Published Dec 17, 2025

    PoC for CVE-2025-65945 (Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature in node-jws)

    Open source ↗

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-65945?
CVE-2025-65945 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on December 4, 2025. auth0/node-jws is a JSON Web Signature implementation for Node.js. In versions 3.2.2 and earlier and version 4.0.0, auth0/node-jws has an improper signature verification vulnerability when using the HS256 algorithm under specific conditions. Applications are affected when they use the…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-65945 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-65945 was published on December 4, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 18, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-65945 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-65945 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.2% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (11th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-65945?
CVE-2025-65945 has a CVSS base score of 7.5 (a secondary CVSS source that NVD displays; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-65945?
A fix for CVE-2025-65945 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-65945 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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