CVE-2025-40054

HIGHPre-NVD 7.87.8—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

Score 7.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2025-10-28. the CNA's CVSS baseline 7.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: cna:linux, epss, ghsa
Trending — 5 sources updated this week
7.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0%CVSS: 7.8Exploit: None knownExposed: 0

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

f2fs: fix UAF issue in f2fs_merge_page_bio()

As JY reported in bugzilla [1],

Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 0000000000000000 pc : [0xffffffe51d249484] f2fs_is_cp_guaranteed+0x70/0x98 lr : [0xffffffe51d24adbc] f2fs_merge_page_bio+0x520/0x6d4 CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 6790 Comm: kworker/u16:3 Tainted: P B W OE 6.12.30-android16-5-maybe-dirty-4k #1 5f7701c9cbf727d1eebe77c89bbbeb3371e895e5 Tainted: [P]=PROPRIETARY_MODULE, [B]=BAD_PAGE, [W]=WARN, [O]=OOT_MODULE, [E]=UNSIGNED_MODULE Workqueue: writeback wb_workfn (flush-254:49) Call trace: f2fs_is_cp_guaranteed+0x70/0x98 f2fs_inplace_write_data+0x174/0x2f4 f2fs_do_write_data_page+0x214/0x81c f2fs_write_single_data_page+0x28c/0x764 f2fs_write_data_pages+0x78c/0xce4 do_writepages+0xe8/0x2fc __writeback_single_inode+0x4c/0x4b4 writeback_sb_inodes+0x314/0x540 __writeback_inodes_wb+0xa4/0xf4 wb_writeback+0x160/0x448 wb_workfn+0x2f0/0x5dc process_scheduled_works+0x1c8/0x458 worker_thread+0x334/0x3f0 kthread+0x118/0x1ac ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20

[1] https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=220575

The panic was caused by UAF issue w/ below race condition:

kworker

  • writepages
  • f2fs_write_cache_pages
  • f2fs_write_single_data_page
  • f2fs_do_write_data_page
  • f2fs_inplace_write_data
  • f2fs_merge_page_bio
  • add_inu_page
: cache page #1 into bio & cache bio in io->bio_list
  • f2fs_write_single_data_page
  • f2fs_do_write_data_page
  • f2fs_inplace_write_data
  • f2fs_merge_page_bio
  • add_inu_page
: cache page #2 into bio which is linked in io->bio_list write
  • f2fs_write_begin
: write page #1
  • f2fs_folio_wait_writeback
  • f2fs_submit_merged_ipu_write
  • f2fs_submit_write_bio
: submit bio which inclues page #1 and #2

software IRQ

  • f2fs_write_end_io
  • fscrypt_free_bounce_page
: freed bounced page which belongs to page #2
  • inc_page_count( , WB_DATA_TYPE(data_folio), false)
: data_folio points to fio->encrypted_page the bounced page can be freed before accessing it in f2fs_is_cp_guarantee()

It can reproduce w/ below testcase: Run below script in shell #1: for ((i=1;i>0;i++)) do xfs_io -f /mnt/f2fs/enc/file \ -c "pwrite 0 32k" -c "fdatasync"

Run below script in shell #2: for ((i=1;i>0;i++)) do xfs_io -f /mnt/f2fs/enc/file \ -c "pwrite 0 32k" -c "fdatasync"

So, in f2fs_merge_page_bio(), let's avoid using fio->encrypted_page after commit page into internal ipu cache.

CVSS v3
7.8
EG Score
7.8(medium)
EG Risk
40(Track)
EG Risk 40/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity78% × 45%
Exploitation0% × 40%
Automatability30% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS PROB
0%
EPSS %ILE
4%
KEV
Not listed

Published

October 28, 2025

Last Modified

August 5, 2026

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026
No patch confirmed yet.
generic

f2fs: fix UAF issue in f2fs_merge_page_bio() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/edf7e9040fc52c922db947f9c6c36f07377c52ea
generic

f2fs: fix UAF issue in f2fs_merge_page_bio() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/01118321e0c8a5f3ece57d0d377bfc92d83cd210

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-40054(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(6)

Vendor / EcosystemFixed in / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.17.0-14.14) @ questing2026-05-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-64k-6.17 (6.17.0-1007.7) @ questing2026-05-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-64k-6.17 (6.17.0-1007.7) @ questing2026-05-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oem-6.17 (6.17.0-1011.11) @ noble2026-05-21ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-6.17 (6.17.0-1008.8) @ questing2026-05-21ubuntu
linuxKernel @ 6.17.3—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

All Vendor Advisories

(5)

Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 13× in last 7d / 45× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 138 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-08-05 12:53 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-08-05 12:53 UTCVendor advisory
  3. 2026-08-05 12:53 UTCGHSA enrichment
  4. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescore
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  10. 2026-07-30 06:30 UTCEG score recompute▲ 7.80
  11. 2026-07-30 06:30 UTCGHSA enrichment
  12. 2026-07-30 06:18 UTCMITRE cvelistV5CVSS v3 → 7.8 · severity → HIGH
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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-40054?
CVE-2025-40054 is a high vulnerability published on October 28, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix UAF issue in f2fsmergepage_bio() As JY reported in bugzilla [1], Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 0000000000000000 pc : [0xffffffe51d249484] f2fsiscp_guaranteed+0x70/0x98 lr :…
When was CVE-2025-40054 disclosed?
CVE-2025-40054 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on October 28, 2025, with the most recent update on August 5, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-40054 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-40054 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 95.8% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-40054?
CVE-2025-40054 has a CVSS v4.0 base score of 7.8 (CNA self-assessment; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-40054?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-40054, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

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