CVE-2025-21791

HIGHNVD 7.87.8—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

Score 7.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2025-02-27. NVD baseline CVSS 7.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: epss, ghsa, nvd
Trending — 4 sources updated this week
7.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0%CVSS: 7.8Exploit: None knownExposed: 0

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out()

l3mdev_l3_out() can be called without RCU being held:

raw_sendmsg() ip_push_pending_frames() ip_send_skb() ip_local_out() __ip_local_out() l3mdev_ip_out()

Add rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() pair to avoid a potential UAF.

CVSS v3
7.8
EG Score
7.8(medium)
EG Risk
35(Track)
EG Risk 35/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity78% × 45%
Exploitation0% × 40%
Automatability0% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS PROB
0%
EPSS %ILE
18%
KEV
Not listed

Published

February 27, 2025

Last Modified

August 5, 2026

Advisory Details (8)

Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026
No patch confirmed yet.
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6d0ce46a93135d96b7fa075a94a88fe0da8e8773
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7b81425b517accefd46bee854d94954f5c57e019
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/022cac1c693add610ae76ede03adf4d9d5a2cf21
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c40cb5c03e37552d6eff963187109e2c3f78ef6f
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7574740be8ce68a57d0aece24987b9be2114c3c
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5bb4228c32261d06e4fbece37ec3828bcc005b6b
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20a3489b396764cc9376e32a9172bee26a89dc3b
generic

vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6ccaa5797f5362a2aad6baa6ddaf4715ac2dd51e

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-21791(4)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(31)

Vendor / EcosystemFixed in / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp-tools-5.4.0-1064 (5.4.0-1064.68) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-20.04-edge (5.15.0.140.135) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-realtime (5.15.0.1084.88) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips (5.15.0.1089.74) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.216.236~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws (6.11.0-1014.15) @ oracular2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.11.0-26.26) @ oracular2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-ibm-edge (5.4.0.1092.97~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-fips (5.15.0.140.80) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-edge (5.4.0.1144.154~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-tegra-rt (5.15.0.1037.37) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips (5.4.0.1149.91) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips (5.15.0.1083.73) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-edge (5.15.0.1083.92~20.04.1) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-lts-22.04 (5.15.0.1083.79) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.216.208) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi2-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.1129.160) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-ibm-lts-20.04 (5.4.0.1092.121) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-bluefield (5.4.0.1105.101) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-fips (5.15.0.1084.80) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-64k (6.11.0-1016.17) @ oracular2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-edge (5.4.0.1146.156~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-fips (5.4.0.1120.117) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-20.04-edge (5.15.0.142.152~20.04.1) @ focal2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp-tools-host (5.15.0-1050.54) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.1129.142~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-nolpae (5.15.0.1078.76) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-570.86.1.el9_62026-02-09redhat
redhatkernel-0:6.12.0-124.8.1.el10_12025-11-11redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-611.5.1.el9_72025-11-11redhat
linuxKernel @ 5.4.291—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(21)

Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 46× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 114 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-08-05 14:03 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-08-05 14:03 UTCVendor advisory
  6. 2026-08-05 14:03 UTCGHSA enrichment
  7. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-08-01 04:15 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-30 07:19 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-07-30 07:19 UTCVendor advisory
  15. 2026-07-30 07:19 UTCGHSA enrichment
  16. 2026-07-30 01:29 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-07-28 15:35 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-07-27 14:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-07-26 14:53 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-25 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-07-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-07-24 13:41 UTCOSV refresh
  23. 2026-07-23 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-23 02:50 UTCEG score recompute
  25. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
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  1. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-20 17:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
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  8. 2026-07-18 10:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-13 22:29 UTCEPSS rescore
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  15. 2026-07-13 06:12 UTCEPSS rescore
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  17. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-07-11 08:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-11 08:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-07-09 19:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-07-08 15:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-07 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-07 09:21 UTCOSV refresh
  25. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-07-06 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  27. 2026-07-06 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  28. 2026-07-05 02:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  29. 2026-07-04 06:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  30. 2026-07-01 15:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-06-30 23:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  32. 2026-06-30 23:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  33. 2026-06-29 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  34. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  35. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  36. 2026-06-28 04:55 UTCEPSS rescore
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  38. 2026-06-27 03:08 UTCEPSS rescore
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  40. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
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  42. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
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  44. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-06-18 20:13 UTCOSV refresh
  55. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  57. 2026-06-17 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  60. 2026-06-15 17:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-06-14 23:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  62. 2026-06-13 22:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  63. 2026-06-12 23:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  64. 2026-06-11 13:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  65. 2026-06-10 22:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  66. 2026-06-10 13:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  67. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  68. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  69. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  70. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  71. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
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  73. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  74. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  75. 2026-06-04 13:11 UTCEPSS rescore

Related CVEs(same product + same vendor + same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-21791?
CVE-2025-21791 is a high vulnerability published on February 27, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdevl3out() l3mdevl3out() can be called without RCU being held: raw_sendmsg() ippushpending_frames() ipsendskb() iplocalout() iplocalout() l3mdevipout() Add rcureadlock() / rcureadunlock() pair to avoid…
When was CVE-2025-21791 disclosed?
CVE-2025-21791 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on February 27, 2025, with the most recent update on August 5, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-21791 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-21791 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 82.0% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-21791?
CVE-2025-21791 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-21791?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-21791, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

Dependency Blast Radius

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