CVE-2024-57976

MEDIUMNVD 5.55.5—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

Score 5.5 from GitHub Security Advisory published 2025-02-27. NVD baseline CVSS 5.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: epss, ghsa, nvd
5.5
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorLow exploitation likelihood right now — keep watching.
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS: 0%CVSS: 5.5Exploit: NoneExposed: 0

No vendor fix yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for a patch.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

btrfs: do proper folio cleanup when cow_file_range() failed

[BUG] When testing with COW fixup marked as BUG_ON() (this is involved with the new pin_user_pages*() change, which should not result new out-of-band dirty pages), I hit a crash triggered by the BUG_ON() from hitting COW fixup path.

This BUG_ON() happens just after a failed btrfs_run_delalloc_range():

BTRFS error (device dm-2): failed to run delalloc range, root 348 ino 405 folio 65536 submit_bitmap 6-15 start 90112 len 106496: -28 ------------[ cut here ]------------ kernel BUG at fs/btrfs/extent_io.c:1444! Internal error: Oops - BUG: 00000000f2000800 [#1] SMP CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 434621 Comm: kworker/u24:8 Tainted: G OE 6.12.0-rc7-custom+ #86 Hardware name: QEMU KVM Virtual Machine, BIOS unknown 2/2/2022 Workqueue: events_unbound btrfs_async_reclaim_data_space [btrfs] pc : extent_writepage_io+0x2d4/0x308 [btrfs] lr : extent_writepage_io+0x2d4/0x308 [btrfs] Call trace: extent_writepage_io+0x2d4/0x308 [btrfs] extent_writepage+0x218/0x330 [btrfs] extent_write_cache_pages+0x1d4/0x4b0 [btrfs] btrfs_writepages+0x94/0x150 [btrfs] do_writepages+0x74/0x190 filemap_fdatawrite_wbc+0x88/0xc8 start_delalloc_inodes+0x180/0x3b0 [btrfs] btrfs_start_delalloc_roots+0x174/0x280 [btrfs] shrink_delalloc+0x114/0x280 [btrfs] flush_space+0x250/0x2f8 [btrfs] btrfs_async_reclaim_data_space+0x180/0x228 [btrfs] process_one_work+0x164/0x408 worker_thread+0x25c/0x388 kthread+0x100/0x118 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 Code: aa1403e1 9402f3ef aa1403e0 9402f36f (d4210000) ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---

[CAUSE] That failure is mostly from cow_file_range(), where we can hit -ENOSPC.

Although the -ENOSPC is already a bug related to our space reservation code, let's just focus on the error handling.

For example, we have the following dirty range [0, 64K) of an inode, with 4K sector size and 4K page size:

0 16K 32K 48K 64K |///////////////////////////////////////| |#######################################|

Where |///| means page are still dirty, and |###| means the extent io tree has EXTENT_DELALLOC flag.

  • Enter extent_writepage() for page 0
  • Enter btrfs_run_delalloc_range() for range [0, 64K)
  • Enter cow_file_range() for range [0, 64K)
  • Function btrfs_reserve_extent() only reserved one 16K extent
So we created extent map and ordered extent for range [0, 16K)

0 16K 32K 48K 64K |////////|//////////////////////////////| |<- OE ->|##############################|

And range [0, 16K) has its delalloc flag cleared. But since we haven't yet submit any bio, involved 4 pages are still dirty.

  • Function btrfs_reserve_extent() returns with -ENOSPC
Now we have to run error cleanup, which will clear all EXTENT_DELALLOC* flags and clear the dirty flags for the remaining ranges:

0 16K 32K 48K 64K |////////| | | | |

Note that range [0, 16K) still has its pages dirty.

  • Some time later, writeback is triggered again for the range [0, 16K)
since the page range still has dirty flags.
  • btrfs_run_delalloc_range() will do nothing because there is no
EXTENT_DELALLOC flag.
  • extent_writepage_io() finds page 0 has no ordered flag
Which falls into the COW fixup path, triggering the BUG_ON().

Unfortunately this error handling bug dates back to the introduction of btrfs. Thankfully with the abuse of COW fixup, at least it won't crash the kernel.

[FIX] Instead of immediately unlocking the extent and folios, we keep the extent and folios locked until either erroring out or the whole delalloc range finished.

When the whole delalloc range finished without error, we just unlock the whole range with PAGE_SET_ORDERED (and PAGE_UNLOCK for !keep_locked cases) ---truncated---

CVSS v3
5.5
EG Score
5.5(medium)
EG Risk
29(Track)
EG Risk 29/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity55% × 45%
Exploitation0% × 40%
Automatability30% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS
10.1%
KEV
Not listed

Published

February 27, 2025

Last Modified

October 23, 2025

References (3)

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2024-57976(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 43× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

  1. 2026-07-23 02:45 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-21 15:23 UTCEPSS rescore
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  23. 2026-07-07 09:21 UTCOSV refresh
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  1. 2026-07-06 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
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  24. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
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  26. 2026-06-18 20:13 UTCOSV refresh
  27. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
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  44. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
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  63. 2026-05-30 10:37 UTCEG score recompute
  64. 2026-05-30 10:37 UTCVendor advisory
  65. 2026-05-30 10:37 UTCGHSA enrichment
  66. 2026-05-30 02:35 UTCOSV refresh
  67. 2026-05-29 13:43 UTCEPSS rescore

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2024-57976?
CVE-2024-57976 is a medium vulnerability published on February 27, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: do proper folio cleanup when cowfilerange() failed [BUG] When testing with COW fixup marked as BUG_ON() (this is involved with the new pinuserpages*() change, which should not result new out-of-band dirty pages), I hit a…
When was CVE-2024-57976 disclosed?
CVE-2024-57976 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on February 27, 2025, with the most recent update on October 23, 2025. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2024-57976 actively exploited?
CVE-2024-57976 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 10.1% percentile likelihood of exploitation in the next 30 days — higher percentiles indicate greater predicted risk.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2024-57976?
CVE-2024-57976 has a CVSS v3 base score of 5.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2024-57976?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2024-57976, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

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