CVE-2024-28181

HIGHNVD 8.18.1
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This high-severity CVE scores 8.1 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.8% (55th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3
8.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.8%CVSS: 8.1Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

turbo_boost-commands is a set of commands to help you build robust reactive applications with Rails & Hotwire. TurboBoost Commands has existing protections in place to guarantee that only public methods on Command classes can be invoked; however, the existing checks aren't as robust as they should be. It's possible for a sophisticated attacker to invoke more methods than should be permitted depending on the the strictness of authorization checks that individual applications enforce. Being able to call some of these methods can have security implications. Commands verify that the class must be a Command and that the method requested is defined as a public method; however, this isn't robust enough to guard against all unwanted code execution. The library should more strictly enforce which methods are considered safe before allowing them to be executed. This issue has been addressed in versions 0.1.3, and 0.2.2. Users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade should see the repository GHSA for workaround advice.

CVSS v3
8.1
EG Score
8.1HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
37
EG Risk 37/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity81% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.8% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.8%
EPSS %ILE
55th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (8.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
8.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.8% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-20). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

March 14, 2024

Last Modified

December 5, 2025

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Sep 16, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Potential for arbitrary method invocation · Advisory · hopsoft/turbo_boost-commands · GitHub

https://github.com/hopsoft/turbo_boost-commands/security/advisories/GHSA-mp76-7w5v-pr75
GitHub commit Patch Available

commit 88af4fc0ac39 (hopsoft/turbo_boost-commands)

Patch available: hopsoft/turbo_boost-commands v0.3.0 (contains commit 88af4fc0ac39)

https://github.com/hopsoft/turbo_boost-commands/commit/88af4fc0ac39cc1799d16c49fab52f6dfbcec9ba

Affected Packages

(2 across 2 ecosystems)
npm(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
@turbo-boost/commands—
  • every version up to 0.1.3: fixed in 0.1.3
  • 0.2.0 up to 0.2.2: fixed in 0.2.2
—
RubyGems(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
turbo_boost-commands0.2.0, 0.2.1, 0.2.1.1
  • every version up to 0.1.3: fixed in 0.1.3
  • 0.2.0 up to 0.2.2: fixed in 0.2.2
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 37× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 92 of 203 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 8 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 111 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  2. 2026-10-20 20:13 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-20 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  4. 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  5. 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  6. 2026-10-18 07:21 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-17 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  8. 2026-10-16 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  9. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  10. 2026-10-14 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  11. 2026-10-13 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  12. 2026-10-12 17:58 UTCEG score recompute
  13. 2026-10-12 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  14. 2026-10-11 21:22 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-11 19:24 UTCOSV refresh
  16. 2026-10-11 16:16 UTCEG score recompute
  17. 2026-10-11 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  18. 2026-10-10 19:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  19. 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  20. 2026-10-08 17:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  21. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  22. 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 55th percentile
  23. 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  24. 2026-10-04 23:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  25. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
Show 67 more
  1. 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  2. 2026-09-30 17:01 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  4. 2026-09-29 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  5. 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  6. 2026-09-27 13:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  7. 2026-09-26 15:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  8. 2026-09-26 00:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  9. 2026-09-24 14:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  10. 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  11. 2026-09-22 14:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  12. 2026-09-22 05:45 UTCOSV refresh
  13. 2026-09-20 20:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  14. 2026-09-19 15:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  15. 2026-09-18 19:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  16. 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  17. 2026-09-15 03:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  18. 2026-09-13 16:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  19. 2026-09-12 14:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  20. 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  21. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  22. 2026-09-08 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  23. 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  24. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  25. 2026-09-05 15:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  26. 2026-09-04 13:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  27. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  28. 2026-09-03 03:00 UTCOSV refresh
  29. 2026-09-02 14:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  30. 2026-09-01 13:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  31. 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  32. 2026-08-30 01:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  33. 2026-08-28 21:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  34. 2026-08-27 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  35. 2026-08-26 14:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  36. 2026-08-25 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  37. 2026-08-24 14:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  38. 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  39. 2026-08-21 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  40. 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  41. 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  42. 2026-08-18 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  43. 2026-08-17 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  44. 2026-08-16 16:18 UTCOSV refresh
  45. 2026-08-16 14:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  46. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  47. 2026-08-15 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  48. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  49. 2026-08-12 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  50. 2026-08-11 13:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  51. 2026-08-10 23:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  52. 2026-08-09 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  53. 2026-08-08 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  54. 2026-08-07 16:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 53rd percentile
  55. 2026-08-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  56. 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  57. 2026-08-04 15:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  58. 2026-08-04 10:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  59. 2026-08-03 10:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  60. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  61. 2026-08-01 10:06 UTCOSV refresh
  62. 2026-08-01 04:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  63. 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  64. 2026-07-30 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  65. 2026-07-28 15:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  66. 2026-07-27 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile
  67. 2026-07-26 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 52nd percentile

Related CVEs(same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2024-28181?
CVE-2024-28181 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on March 14, 2024. turbo_boost-commands is a set of commands to help you build robust reactive applications with Rails & Hotwire. TurboBoost Commands has existing protections in place to guarantee that only public methods on Command classes can be invoked; however, the existing checks aren't as robust as they should…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2024-28181 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2024-28181 was published on March 14, 2024. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of December 5, 2025; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2024-28181 actively exploited?
CVE-2024-28181 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.8% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (55th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2024-28181?
CVE-2024-28181 has a CVSS v3 base score of 8.1 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2024-28181?
A fix for CVE-2024-28181 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

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