CVE-2023-28102

HIGHNVD 8.38.3
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This high-severity CVE scores 8.3 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 2.6% (85th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3
Elevated
8.3EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • CISA's Vulnrichment rates exploitation as PoC; EchelonGraph holds no exploit-code reference for it
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 2.6%CVSS: 8.3Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

discordrb is an implementation of the Discord API using Ruby. In discordrb before commit 91e13043ffa the encoder.rb file unsafely constructs a shell string using the file parameter, which can potentially leave clients of discordrb vulnerable to command injection. The library is not directly exploitable: the exploit requires that some client of the library calls the vulnerable method with user input. However, if unsafe input reaches the library method, then an attacker can execute arbitrary shell commands on the host machine. Full impact will depend on the permissions of the process running the discordrb library and will likely not be total system access. This issue has been addressed in code, but a new release of the discordrb gem has not been uploaded to rubygems. This issue is also tracked as GHSL-2022-094.

CVSS v3
8.3
EG Score
8.3HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
53
EG Risk 53/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity83% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.3 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
2.6%
EPSS %ILE
85th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (8.3): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.3 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
8.3 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
2.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-20). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

March 27, 2023

Last Modified

November 21, 2024

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Sep 6, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisory

GHSL-2022-094: Remote Code Execution in discordrb - CVE-2023-28102 | GitHub Security Lab

https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2022-094_discordrb/
GitHub commit Patch Available

commit 91e13043ffa8 (shardlab/discordrb)

Patch available: shardlab/discordrb v3.5.0 (contains commit 91e13043ffa8)

https://github.com/shardlab/discordrb/commit/91e13043ffa89227c3fcdc3408f06da237d28c95

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
RubyGems(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
discordrb1.0.0 ... 3.4.0 (74 versions)
  • every version up to 3.4.3: fixed in 3.4.3
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 34× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 91 of 193 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 9 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 102 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 85th percentile
  2. 2026-10-21 04:30 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-20 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  4. 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  5. 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  6. 2026-10-18 08:07 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-17 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  8. 2026-10-16 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  9. 2026-10-15 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  10. 2026-10-14 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  11. 2026-10-14 15:24 UTCOSV refresh
  12. 2026-10-13 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  13. 2026-10-12 18:30 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-10-12 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  15. 2026-10-11 21:55 UTCEG score recompute
  16. 2026-10-11 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  17. 2026-10-10 19:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  18. 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  19. 2026-10-08 17:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  20. 2026-10-07 23:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  21. 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  22. 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  23. 2026-10-03 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  24. 2026-10-02 16:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  25. 2026-10-01 19:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
Show 66 more
  1. 2026-09-30 16:20 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  3. 2026-09-29 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  4. 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  5. 2026-09-27 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  6. 2026-09-26 00:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  7. 2026-09-23 17:04 UTCOSV refresh
  8. 2026-09-23 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  9. 2026-09-22 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  10. 2026-09-20 20:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  11. 2026-09-16 14:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  12. 2026-09-13 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  13. 2026-09-12 14:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  14. 2026-09-11 14:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  15. 2026-09-11 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  16. 2026-09-08 21:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  17. 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  18. 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  19. 2026-09-05 15:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  20. 2026-09-04 13:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  21. 2026-09-04 11:46 UTCOSV refresh
  22. 2026-09-04 05:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.6% · 84th percentile
  23. 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  24. 2026-09-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  25. 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  26. 2026-08-30 01:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  27. 2026-08-28 21:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  28. 2026-08-27 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  29. 2026-08-26 14:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  30. 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  31. 2026-08-24 14:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  32. 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  33. 2026-08-21 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  34. 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  35. 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  36. 2026-08-18 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  37. 2026-08-17 22:30 UTCOSV refresh
  38. 2026-08-17 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  39. 2026-08-16 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  40. 2026-08-16 02:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  41. 2026-08-15 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  42. 2026-08-13 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  43. 2026-08-12 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  44. 2026-08-11 13:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  45. 2026-08-09 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  46. 2026-08-08 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  47. 2026-08-07 16:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  48. 2026-08-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  49. 2026-08-05 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  50. 2026-08-04 15:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  51. 2026-08-04 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  52. 2026-08-03 10:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  53. 2026-08-02 17:57 UTCOSV refresh
  54. 2026-08-02 02:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  55. 2026-08-01 04:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  56. 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  57. 2026-07-30 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  58. 2026-07-28 15:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  59. 2026-07-27 14:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  60. 2026-07-26 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  61. 2026-07-25 14:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  62. 2026-07-24 14:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  63. 2026-07-23 14:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile
  64. 2026-07-23 02:20 UTCEG score recompute
  65. 2026-07-22 23:08 UTCEG score recompute
  66. 2026-07-22 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.5% · 83rd percentile

Related CVEs(same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2023-28102?
CVE-2023-28102 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on March 27, 2023. discordrb is an implementation of the Discord API using Ruby. In discordrb before commit 91e13043ffa the encoder.rb file unsafely constructs a shell string using the file parameter, which can potentially leave clients of discordrb vulnerable to command injection. The library is not directly…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2023-28102 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2023-28102 was published on March 27, 2023. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of November 21, 2024; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2023-28102 actively exploited?
CVE-2023-28102 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 2.6% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (85th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-28102?
CVE-2023-28102 has a CVSS v3 base score of 8.3 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2023-28102?
A fix for CVE-2023-28102 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

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