CVE-2016-3081

HIGHNVD 8.19.0▲
EchelonGraph scoreHIGH confidence

Score elevated to 9.0 because EPSS predicts 94% probability of exploitation within the next 30 days (top 0.1% of all CVEs). NVD baseline CVSS 8.1 retained for reference. Confidence: see factors.

Triggered by: EPSS exploit prediction ≥85%
Sources: epss, nvd
Weaponized
8.1
EchelonGraph verdictPatch this weekExploitation is likely or a public exploit exists.
  • High exploitation likelihood — EPSS 94%
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS: 94%CVSS: 8.1Exploit: NoneExposed: 0

No vendor fix yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for a patch.

Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.

CVSS v3
8.1
EG Score
9.0(high)
EPSS
99.8%
KEV
Not listed

Published

April 26, 2016

Last Modified

May 6, 2026

References (22)

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
Maven(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
org.apache.struts:struts2-core2.3.282.3.28.1—

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 3× in last 7d / 15× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

  1. 2026-07-07 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-07-06 02:20 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-06 02:20 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-04 06:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-06-23 21:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-06-23 15:50 UTCOSV refresh
  7. 2026-06-22 14:23 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-06-17 17:50 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-06-17 17:50 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-06-15 17:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-06-14 23:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-06-13 22:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-06-13 22:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-06-12 23:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-06-12 23:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-06-11 13:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-06-10 22:15 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-06-10 13:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-06-06 20:29 UTCOSV refresh
  20. 2026-06-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-06-05 06:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-06-05 06:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-06-01 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-06-01 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-05-28 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
Show 9 more
  1. 2026-05-28 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-05-26 07:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-05-22 20:35 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-05-22 13:01 UTCOSV refresh
  5. 2026-05-20 22:37 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-05-20 22:37 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-05-20 22:37 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-05-18 21:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-05-18 21:30 UTCEPSS rescore

Publicly available exploits

(3 references)

Working exploit code is in the public domain (1 Metasploit module) (1 Exploit-DB entry). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly — public PoCs typically lead to mass-exploitation within 24-72 hours.

  • Exploit-DBEDB-39756✓ verified
    First seen May 2, 2016

    Apache Struts - Dynamic Method Invocation Remote Code Execution (Metasploit)

    Open source ↗
  • Metasploitexploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec✓ verified
    First seen Apr 27, 2016

    Apache Struts Dynamic Method Invocation Remote Code Execution

    Open source ↗
  • Nucleihttp/cves/2016/CVE-2016-3081.yaml
    First seen Jan 1, 2016

    Apache S2-032 Struts - Remote Code Execution

    Open source ↗

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2016-3081?
CVE-2016-3081 is a high vulnerability published on April 26, 2016. Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.
When was CVE-2016-3081 disclosed?
CVE-2016-3081 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on April 26, 2016, with the most recent update on May 6, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2016-3081 actively exploited?
CVE-2016-3081 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 99.8% percentile likelihood of exploitation in the next 30 days — higher percentiles indicate greater predicted risk.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2016-3081?
CVE-2016-3081 has a CVSS v3 base score of 8.1 (NVD). EchelonGraph synthesises NVD + CISA KEV + FIRST EPSS + GHSA into a combined EG score of 9.0.
How do I remediate CVE-2016-3081?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2016-3081, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2016-3081

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2016-3081?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.

Start Free Scan →Browse All CVEs