CVE-2026-45376

Decidim: Admin user search allows SQL injection through similarity-based sorting

The admin organization user search uses the untrusted term value inside raw SQL ORDER BY expressions. Because the value is interpolated before Rails sanitization is applied, a crafted search string is executed by PostgreSQL as part of the sort expression.

Technical description

resource :organization, only: [:edit, :update], controller: "organization" do
  member do
    get :users
  end
end

That route reaches Decidim::Admin::OrganizationController#users, which forwards the current organization's available users into search:

def users
  search(current_organization.users.available)
end

Inside search, the attacker-controlled source is params[:term]:

if (term = params[:term].to_s).present?

The query has two branches. In both branches, the WHERE predicates use bind parameters and are not the injection sink. The vulnerability is in the subsequent .order(Arel.sql(...)) calls, where the untrusted value is interpolated directly into SQL string literals.

Nickname branch:

nickname = term.delete("@")
relation.where("nickname LIKE ?", "#{nickname}%")
  .order(Arel.sql(ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize_sql_array("similarity(nickname, '#{nickname}') DESC")))

Name/email branch:

relation.where("name ILIKE ?", "%#{term}%").or(
  relation.where("email ILIKE ?", "%#{term}%")
)
  .order(Arel.sql(ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize_sql_array("GREATEST(similarity(name, '#{term}'), similarity(email, '#{term}')) DESC")))
  .order(Arel.sql(ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize_sql_array("(similarity(name, '#{term}') + similarity(email, '#{term}')) / 2 DESC")))

This use of sanitize_sql_array does not make the code safe. The interpolation happens first, so Rails receives an already-built SQL string rather than a statement with bind placeholders. As a result, a quote in term can terminate the intended string literal and inject attacker-controlled SQL into the ORDER BY expression.

For example, a payload such as slpleak '), COALESCE((SELECT 1 FROM pg_sleep(21)),0)) -- produces a fragment equivalent to:

GREATEST(similarity(name, 'slpleak '), COALESCE((SELECT 1 FROM pg_sleep(21)),0)) --'), similarity(email, 'slpleak '), COALESCE((SELECT 1 FROM pg_sleep(21)),0)) --')) DESC

The injected subquery is therefore evaluated by PostgreSQL as SQL, not treated purely as data. Because the sink is in ORDER BY, the endpoint can still return a normal 200 OK response while exposing the issue through measurable timing differences.

Source-to-sink chain:

* Source: params[:term] * Propagation: term = params[:term].to_s * Sink: .order(Arel.sql(... "#{term}" ...)) and .order(Arel.sql(... "#{nickname}" ...)) * Effect: attacker-controlled SQL is executed inside the database sort expression

Reproduction steps:

• Authenticate as an organization admin.
• Ensure the search returns at least one row for the chosen payload. For a deterministic test, create a temporary

• Send a control request to GET /admin/organization/users?term=test with Accept: application/json and record the response time.
• Send a payload request such as GET /admin/organization/users?term=slpleak%20%27%29%2C%20COALESCE%28%28SELECT%201%20FROM%20pg_sleep%2821%29%29%2C0%29%29%20-- with Accept: application/json.
• Observe that the endpoint still responds successfully, but the response time increases by approximately the sleep

Impact

• Exploitation requires an authenticated admin session, which limits exposure but does not remove the underlying SQL injection risk.
• An authenticated admin can inject arbitrary SQL expressions into the query's ORDER BY clause and use timing differences as a blind SQL oracle.
• The injection happens inside a database expression, so the effect is not inherently limited to sorting the current organization user relation. Depending on the privileges of the application's PostgreSQL role, an attacker may be able to infer data from other tables readable by that role.
• The issue remains exploitable even without verbose database errors because time-based payloads such as pg_sleep provide a reliable blind side channel.
• Repeated long-running payloads can also be used to degrade availability by tying up database-backed requests.

Patches

See https://github.com/decidim/decidim/pull/16668

Workarounds

Review your administrator accesses and not give access to untrustworthy users

Reference

OWASP SQL Injection

Credits

This issue was discovered in a security audit organized by the Decidim Association and made by Radically Open Security against Decidim financed by NGI.