CVE-2025-66409

CRITICALNVD 9.19.1—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.1 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.6%, top 56% of all CVEs by exploit prediction. GitHub Security Advisory data not yet ingested — confidence will rise once GHSA publishes (typical lag: hours to days for open-source ecosystem CVEs; never for infrastructure-only CVEs).

Triggered by: NVD CVSS baseline
Sources: epss, nvd
9.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 1%CVSS: 9.1Exploit: None knownExposed: 0

No vendor fix yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for a patch.

ESF-IDF is the Espressif Internet of Things (IOT) Development Framework. In 5.5.1, 5.4.3, 5.3.4, 5.2.6, 5.1.6, and earlier, when AVRCP is enabled on ESP32, receiving a malformed VENDOR DEPENDENT command from a peer device can cause the Bluetooth stack to access memory before validating the command buffer length. This may lead to an out-of-bounds read, potentially exposing unintended memory content or causing unexpected behavior.

CVSS v3
9.1
EG Score
9.1(medium)
EG Risk
56(Track)
EG Risk 56/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity91% × 45%
Exploitation1% × 40%
Automatability100% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS PROB
1%
EPSS %ILE
47%
KEV
Not listed

Published

December 2, 2025

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

Advisory Details (7)

Auto-updated Aug 1, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
github Patch Available

Out-of-Bounds Read in ESP32 Bluetooth AVRCP Command Handling · Advisory · espressif/esp-idf · GitHub

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/security/advisories/GHSA-qhf9-vr2h-jh96
github_commit

commit daeeba230327 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit daeeba230327 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/daeeba230327176b9627b1caa94acdc54065c4b7
github_commit

commit d5db5f60fc1d (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit d5db5f60fc1d — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/d5db5f60fc1dcfdd8cd3ee898fdefaa272988ace
github_commit

commit 999710fccf95 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit 999710fccf95 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/999710fccf95ae128fe51b5679d6b7c75c50d902
github_commit

commit 798029129a71 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit 798029129a71 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/798029129a71c802cff0e75eb59f902bca8f1946
github_commit

commit 2f788e59ee36 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit 2f788e59ee36 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/2f788e59ee361eee230879ae2ec9cf5c893fe372
github_commit

commit 075ed218cadb (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit 075ed218cadb — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/075ed218cadb8088155521cd8a795d8a626519fb

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 8× in last 7d / 40× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 106 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-08-05 19:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-08-05 19:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-08-02 02:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-08-01 04:15 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-30 01:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-07-28 15:35 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-27 14:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-26 14:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-26 14:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-07-25 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-07-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-07-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-07-23 14:41 UTCOSV refresh
  18. 2026-07-23 14:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-07-23 14:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-23 03:01 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-07-22 14:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-20 17:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-07-18 10:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-18 10:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-13 22:29 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-07-13 06:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-11 08:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-09 19:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-07-08 15:15 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-07-07 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-07-06 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-07-06 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-07-06 09:11 UTCOSV refresh
  19. 2026-07-06 02:23 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-06 02:23 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-07-05 02:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-07-05 02:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-04 06:31 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-04 06:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-07-01 15:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-07-01 15:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  27. 2026-06-30 23:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  28. 2026-06-29 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  29. 2026-06-29 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  30. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  32. 2026-06-28 04:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  33. 2026-06-28 04:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  34. 2026-06-27 03:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  35. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  36. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  37. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  38. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  39. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  40. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  41. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  42. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  43. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  44. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-06-17 20:43 UTCOSV refresh
  50. 2026-06-17 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-06-15 17:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-06-15 17:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-06-14 23:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-06-13 23:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-06-13 23:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  57. 2026-06-12 23:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-06-11 14:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-06-10 22:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  60. 2026-06-10 22:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-06-10 13:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  62. 2026-06-08 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  63. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  64. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  65. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  66. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  67. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  68. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  69. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  70. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  71. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  72. 2026-06-04 13:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  73. 2026-06-04 13:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  74. 2026-06-02 20:13 UTCEPSS rescore
  75. 2026-06-02 20:12 UTCEPSS rescore

Related CVEs(same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-66409?
CVE-2025-66409 is a critical vulnerability published on December 2, 2025. ESF-IDF is the Espressif Internet of Things (IOT) Development Framework. In 5.5.1, 5.4.3, 5.3.4, 5.2.6, 5.1.6, and earlier, when AVRCP is enabled on ESP32, receiving a malformed VENDOR DEPENDENT command from a peer device can cause the Bluetooth stack to access memory before validating the command…
When was CVE-2025-66409 disclosed?
CVE-2025-66409 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on December 2, 2025, with the most recent update on June 17, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-66409 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-66409 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 1% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 53.5% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-66409?
CVE-2025-66409 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.1 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-66409?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-66409, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

Dependency Blast Radius

Explore the affected products and dependency analysis for CVE-2025-66409

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2025-66409?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.

Start Free Scan →Browse All CVEs