CVE-2025-28388

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 9.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2025-06-13. NVD baseline CVSS 9.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3
Trending — 3 sources updated this weekElevated

Also known asEUVD-2025-18269 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • CISA's Vulnrichment rates exploitation as PoC; EchelonGraph holds no exploit-code reference for it
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.6%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

OpenC3 COSMOS before v6.0.2 was discovered to contain hardcoded credentials for the Service Account.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
75
EG Risk 75/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.6%
EPSS %ILE
49th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-03). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

June 13, 2025

Last Modified

October 27, 2025

Advisory Details (5)

Auto-updated Oct 9, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_pr, github_release.
Web page

OpenC3 Cosmos 6.0.0: A Security Assessment of an Open-Source Mission Framework – VisionSpace

https://visionspace.com/openc3-cosmos-a-security-assessment-of-an-open-source-mission-framework/
Web page

OpenC3 — Command & control for anything with hardware

https://openc3.com/
GitHub release Patch Available

v6.0.2

Patch available: OpenC3/cosmos v6.0.2

https://github.com/OpenC3/cosmos/releases/tag/v6.0.2
GitHub pull request

Fix a few issues with iframes, script runner, and login

Fix merged in OpenC3/cosmos PR #1816 on 2025-01-09 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/OpenC3/cosmos/pull/1816/commits/195974a019f375f7c5a35f48e4151babb40649ac
GitHub pull request

Fix a few issues with iframes, script runner, and login

Fix merged in OpenC3/cosmos PR #1816 on 2025-01-09 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/OpenC3/cosmos/pull/1816

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
PyPI(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openc30.1.0 ... 6.0.0 (25 versions)
  • every version through 6.0.0: no fix on record
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 21× in last 7d / 74× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 97 of 230 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 3 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 133 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-03 20:54 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-11-03 20:54 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  3. 2026-11-03 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  4. 2026-11-02 18:35 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-11-02 18:35 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  6. 2026-11-02 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  7. 2026-11-01 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  8. 2026-11-01 16:15 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-11-01 16:15 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  10. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  11. 2026-10-31 13:48 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-31 13:48 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-10-30 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  14. 2026-10-30 11:29 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-30 11:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  16. 2026-10-29 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  17. 2026-10-29 09:09 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-29 09:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  19. 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  20. 2026-10-28 06:49 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-10-28 06:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  22. 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  23. 2026-10-27 04:30 UTCEG score recompute
  24. 2026-10-27 04:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  25. 2026-10-26 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
Show 72 more
  1. 2026-10-25 21:41 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  2. 2026-10-25 16:37 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  4. 2026-10-24 19:04 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-24 19:04 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  6. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  7. 2026-10-23 16:42 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-23 16:42 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  9. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  10. 2026-10-22 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  11. 2026-10-22 14:19 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-22 14:19 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  14. 2026-10-21 11:58 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-21 11:58 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  16. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  17. 2026-10-20 09:39 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-20 09:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  19. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  20. 2026-10-19 07:19 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-10-19 07:19 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  22. 2026-10-18 04:59 UTCEG score recompute
  23. 2026-10-18 04:59 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  24. 2026-10-17 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  25. 2026-10-17 02:40 UTCEG score recompute
  26. 2026-10-17 02:40 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  27. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  28. 2026-10-16 00:20 UTCEG score recompute
  29. 2026-10-16 00:20 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  30. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  31. 2026-10-14 18:49 UTCEG score recompute
  32. 2026-10-14 18:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  33. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  34. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  35. 2026-10-13 14:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  36. 2026-10-12 17:13 UTCEG score recompute
  37. 2026-10-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  38. 2026-10-12 11:45 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-9c5p-pqv5-93v2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  39. 2026-10-11 20:45 UTCEG score recompute
  40. 2026-10-11 18:56 UTCEG score recompute
  41. 2026-10-11 15:34 UTCEG score recompute
  42. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  43. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  44. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  45. 2026-10-08 17:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  46. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  47. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  48. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  49. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  50. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  51. 2026-10-02 00:11 UTCOSV refresh
  52. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  53. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  54. 2026-09-29 15:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  55. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  56. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  57. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  58. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  59. 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  60. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  61. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  62. 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  63. 2026-09-16 05:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  64. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  65. 2026-09-12 17:30 UTCOSV refresh
  66. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  67. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  68. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  69. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  70. 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  71. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  72. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-28388?
CVE-2025-28388 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on June 13, 2025. OpenC3 COSMOS before v6.0.2 was discovered to contain hardcoded credentials for the Service Account.
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-28388 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-28388 was published on June 13, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 27, 2025; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-28388 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-28388 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.6% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (49th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-28388?
CVE-2025-28388 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-28388?
A fix for CVE-2025-28388 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2025-28388

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2025-28388?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.