CVE-2025-23150

MEDIUMNVD 5.55.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 5.5 from GitHub Security Advisory published 2025-05-01. NVD baseline CVSS 5.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3
5.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.2%CVSS: 5.5Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split

Syzkaller detected a use-after-free issue in ext4_insert_dentry that was caused by out-of-bounds access due to incorrect splitting in do_split.

BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in ext4_insert_dentry+0x36a/0x6d0 fs/ext4/namei.c:2109 Write of size 251 at addr ffff888074572f14 by task syz-executor335/5847

CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5847 Comm: syz-executor335 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc6-syzkaller-00318-ga9cda7c0ffed #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/30/2024 Call Trace: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:120 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:377 [inline] print_report+0x169/0x550 mm/kasan/report.c:488 kasan_report+0x143/0x180 mm/kasan/report.c:601 kasan_check_range+0x282/0x290 mm/kasan/generic.c:189 __asan_memcpy+0x40/0x70 mm/kasan/shadow.c:106 ext4_insert_dentry+0x36a/0x6d0 fs/ext4/namei.c:2109 add_dirent_to_buf+0x3d9/0x750 fs/ext4/namei.c:2154 make_indexed_dir+0xf98/0x1600 fs/ext4/namei.c:2351 ext4_add_entry+0x222a/0x25d0 fs/ext4/namei.c:2455 ext4_add_nondir+0x8d/0x290 fs/ext4/namei.c:2796 ext4_symlink+0x920/0xb50 fs/ext4/namei.c:3431 vfs_symlink+0x137/0x2e0 fs/namei.c:4615 do_symlinkat+0x222/0x3a0 fs/namei.c:4641 __do_sys_symlink fs/namei.c:4662 [inline] __se_sys_symlink fs/namei.c:4660 [inline] __x64_sys_symlink+0x7a/0x90 fs/namei.c:4660 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

The following loop is located right above 'if' statement.

for (i = count-1; i >= 0; i--) { /* is more than half of this entry in 2nd half of the block? */ if (size + map[i].size/2 > blocksize/2) break; size += map[i].size; move++; }

'i' in this case could go down to -1, in which case sum of active entries wouldn't exceed half the block size, but previous behaviour would also do split in half if sum would exceed at the very last block, which in case of having too many long name files in a single block could lead to out-of-bounds access and following use-after-free.

Found by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with Syzkaller.

CVSS v3
5.5
EG Score
5.5MEDIUMmedium confidence
EG Risk
25
EG Risk 25/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity55% × 45%
The EG Score, 5.5 of 10.
Exploitation0.2% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.2%
EPSS %ILE
13th
KEV
Not listed

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

May 1, 2025

Last Modified

August 5, 2026

Advisory Details (10)

Auto-updated Aug 2, 2026
Patch available.
Web pageMentions a patch (unverified)

[SECURITY] [DLA 4178-1] linux security update

https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b96bd2c3db26ad0daec5b78c85c098b53900e2e1
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ab0cc5c25552ae0d20eae94b40a93be11b080fc5
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/94824ac9a8aaf2fb3c54b4bdde842db80ffa555d
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/515c34cff899eb5dae6aa7eee01c1295b07d81af
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/35d0aa6db9d93307085871ceab8a729594a98162
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2eeb1085bf7bd5c7ba796ca4119925fa5d336a3f
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2883e9e74f73f9265e5f8d1aaaa89034b308e433
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/17df39f455f1289319d4d09e4826aa46852ffd17
Web page

ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/16d9067f00e3a7d1df7c3aa9c20d214923d27e10

Patch Availability(31)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-tools-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-100.100+fips1) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-realtime-6.8.1 (6.8.1-1041.42) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-6.8 (6.8.0-100.100) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-edge (6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-realtime-hwe-22.04 (6.8.1-1041.42~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1043.44) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1047.50+fips1) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-22.04-edge (6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-lowlatency-hwe-20.04-edge (6.8.0-100.100.1) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-lowlatency-64k-6.8 (6.8.0-1046.49.1) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-ibm-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1044.44) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp (6.8.0.1023.24) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1046.52) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1046.52+fips1) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-edge (6.8.0-1051.57~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gke-64k-6.8 (6.8.0-1043.48) @ noble2026-05-30ubuntu
redhatkernel-0:3.10.0-1160.137.1.el72025-08-27redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:3.10.0-1160.137.1.rt56.1289.el72025-08-27redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-372.157.1.el8_62025-08-13redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.168.1.el8_42025-08-13redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-477.104.1.el8_82025-08-05redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-70.140.1.el9_02025-08-04redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-70.140.1.rt21.212.el9_02025-08-04redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-284.126.1.el9_22025-07-23redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-284.126.1.rt14.411.el9_22025-07-23redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_102025-07-16redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-553.62.1.el8_102025-07-16redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-427.77.1.el9_42025-07-15redhat
redhatkernel-0:6.12.0-55.18.1.el10_02025-06-23redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-570.23.1.el9_62025-06-23redhat
linuxKernel @ 5.4.293 (fixes >=0)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(5 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 5.10.92-2 (45 versions)
  • every version up to 5.10.237-1: fixed in 5.10.237-1
—
linux-6.16.1.106-3~deb11u1 ... 6.1.129-1~deb11u1 (7 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.137-1~deb11u1: fixed in 6.1.137-1~deb11u1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.1.106-1 ... 6.1.99-1 (37 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.135-1: fixed in 6.1.135-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.12.25-1: fixed in 6.12.25-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.12.25-1: fixed in 6.12.25-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(13)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 11× in last 7d / 30× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 93 of 175 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 7 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 82 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 13th percentile
  2. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 13th percentile
  3. 2026-10-12 17:18 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  5. 2026-10-11 20:50 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-11 19:00 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-11 15:39 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  9. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  10. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  11. 2026-10-08 17:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  12. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  13. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  14. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  15. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  16. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  17. 2026-10-02 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  18. 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  19. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  20. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  21. 2026-09-27 03:45 UTCOSV refresh
  22. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  23. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  24. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  25. 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 13th percentile
Show 68 more
  1. 2026-09-22 14:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 13th percentile
  2. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 13th percentile
  3. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 13th percentile
  4. 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  5. 2026-09-16 05:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  6. 2026-09-15 03:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  7. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  8. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  9. 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  10. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  11. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  12. 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  13. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  14. 2026-09-07 12:48 UTCOSV refresh
  15. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  16. 2026-09-05 15:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  17. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  18. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  19. 2026-09-01 13:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  20. 2026-09-01 04:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 12th percentile
  21. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  22. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  23. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  24. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 11th percentile
  25. 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  26. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  27. 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  28. 2026-08-20 22:01 UTCOSV refresh
  29. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  30. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  31. 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  32. 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  33. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  34. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  35. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  36. 2026-08-10 23:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  37. 2026-08-09 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  38. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  39. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  40. 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  41. 2026-08-05 13:57 UTCEG score recompute
  42. 2026-08-05 13:57 UTCVendor advisory
  43. 2026-08-05 13:57 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-jf2p-fggv-v92v · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  44. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  45. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  46. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 10th percentile
  47. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 8th percentile
  48. 2026-08-01 04:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 8th percentile
  49. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 8th percentile
  50. 2026-07-30 07:13 UTCEG score recompute
  51. 2026-07-30 07:13 UTCVendor advisory
  52. 2026-07-30 07:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-jf2p-fggv-v92v · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  53. 2026-07-30 06:24 UTCNVD updateCVSS v3 → 5.5 · severity → MEDIUM
  54. 2026-07-30 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 8th percentile
  55. 2026-07-28 15:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 8th percentile
  56. 2026-07-27 14:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 7th percentile
  57. 2026-07-26 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 7th percentile
  58. 2026-07-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 7th percentile
  59. 2026-07-24 07:41 UTCOSV refresh
  60. 2026-07-23 14:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 7th percentile
  61. 2026-07-23 02:50 UTCEG score recompute
  62. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 7th percentile
  63. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 6th percentile
  64. 2026-07-20 17:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 6th percentile
  65. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 6th percentile
  66. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 6th percentile
  67. 2026-07-18 10:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 6th percentile
  68. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 6th percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-23150?
CVE-2025-23150 is a medium-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on May 1, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: fix off-by-one error in do_split Syzkaller detected a use-after-free issue in ext4insertdentry that was caused by out-of-bounds access due to incorrect splitting in do_split. BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-23150 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-23150 was published on May 1, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of August 5, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-23150 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-23150 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.2% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (13th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-23150?
CVE-2025-23150 has a CVSS v3 base score of 5.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-23150?
A fix for CVE-2025-23150 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-23150 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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