CVE-2025-22034

MEDIUMNVD 5.55.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 5.5 from GitHub Security Advisory published 2025-04-16. NVD baseline CVSS 5.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2025-11271 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-4297-r96p-57pp (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

5.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.3%CVSS: 5.5Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs

Patch series "mm: fixes for device-exclusive entries (hmm)", v2.

Discussing the PageTail() call in make_device_exclusive_range() with Willy, I recently discovered [1] that device-exclusive handling does not properly work with THP, making the hmm-tests selftests fail if THPs are enabled on the system.

Looking into more details, I found that hugetlb is not properly fenced, and I realized that something that was bugging me for longer -- how device-exclusive entries interact with mapcounts -- completely breaks migration/swapout/split/hwpoison handling of these folios while they have device-exclusive PTEs.

The program below can be used to allocate 1 GiB worth of pages and making them device-exclusive on a kernel with CONFIG_TEST_HMM.

Once they are device-exclusive, these folios cannot get swapped out (proc$pid/smaps_rollup will always indicate 1 GiB RSS no matter how much one forces memory reclaim), and when having a memory block onlined to ZONE_MOVABLE, trying to offline it will loop forever and complain about failed migration of a page that should be movable.

echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memory136/state

echo online_movable > /sys/devices/system/memory/memory136/state

./hmm-swap &

... wait until everything is device-exclusive

echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memory136/state

[ 285.193431][T14882] page: refcount:2 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x7f20671f7 pfn:0x442b6a [ 285.196618][T14882] memcg:ffff888179298000 [ 285.198085][T14882] anon flags: 0x5fff0000002091c(referenced|uptodate| dirty|active|owner_2|swapbacked|node=1|zone=3|lastcpupid=0x7ff) [ 285.201734][T14882] raw: ... [ 285.204464][T14882] raw: ... [ 285.207196][T14882] page dumped because: migration failure [ 285.209072][T14882] page_owner tracks the page as allocated [ 285.210915][T14882] page last allocated via order 0, migratetype Movable, gfp_mask 0x140dca(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_ZERO), id 14926, tgid 14926 (hmm-swap), ts 254506295376, free_ts 227402023774 [ 285.216765][T14882] post_alloc_hook+0x197/0x1b0 [ 285.218874][T14882] get_page_from_freelist+0x76e/0x3280 [ 285.220864][T14882] __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0x38e/0x2740 [ 285.223302][T14882] alloc_pages_mpol+0x1fc/0x540 [ 285.225130][T14882] folio_alloc_mpol_noprof+0x36/0x340 [ 285.227222][T14882] vma_alloc_folio_noprof+0xee/0x1a0 [ 285.229074][T14882] __handle_mm_fault+0x2b38/0x56a0 [ 285.230822][T14882] handle_mm_fault+0x368/0x9f0 ...

This series fixes all issues I found so far. There is no easy way to fix without a bigger rework/cleanup. I have a bunch of cleanups on top (some previous sent, some the result of the discussion in v1) that I will send out separately once this landed and I get to it.

I wish we could just use some special present PROT_NONE PTEs instead of these (non-present, non-none) fake-swap entries; but that just results in the same problem we keep having (lack of spare PTE bits), and staring at other similar fake-swap entries, that ship has sailed.

With this series, make_device_exclusive() doesn't actually belong into mm/rmap.c anymore, but I'll leave moving that for another day.

I only tested this series with the hmm-tests selftests due to lack of HW, so I'd appreciate some testing, especially if the interaction between two GPUs wanting a device-exclusive entry works as expected.

#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include

#define HMM_DMIRROR_EXCLUSIVE _IOWR('H', 0x05, struct hmm_dmirror_cmd)

struct hmm_dmirror_cmd { __u64 addr; __u64 ptr; __u64 npages; __u64 cpages; __u64 faults; };

const size_t size = 1 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024ul; const size_t chunk_size = 2 * 1024 * 1024ul;

int m ---truncated---

CVSS v3
5.5
EG Score
5.5MEDIUMmedium confidence
EG Risk
25
EG Risk 25/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity55% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 5.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.3% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's BOD 26-04 default: no one has published Automatable for this CVE, and CISA treats it as “no” for a CVE not in KEV.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (no CISA value, KEV listing or exploit code on record) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). EchelonGraph holds no SSVC assessment of this CVE from CISA: none of these inputs is from Vulnrichment. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.3%
EPSS %ILE
20th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (5.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 5.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
5.5 MEDIUMCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.3% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-25). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (no CISA value, KEV listing or exploit code on record) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). EchelonGraph holds no SSVC assessment of this CVE from CISA: none of these inputs is from Vulnrichment. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). Where an input reads “CISA's BOD 26-04 default”, no one has published it for this CVE, and CISA's implementation guidance says: “If “Automatable” and “Technical Impact” information items about a CVE ID are not available and the CVE ID is not in the KEV Catalog, CISA will treat its values as “no” and “total,” respectively, until CISA or a third party provides metadata about the CVE ID. CISA will always provide the Vulnrichment data for a CVE ID listed in the KEV Catalog.” Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

April 16, 2025

Last Modified

August 5, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Aug 2, 2026
Patch available.
Web page

mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fd900832e8440046627b60697687ab5d04398008
Web page

mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8977752c8056a6a094a279004a49722da15bace3
Web page

mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48d28417c66cce2f3b0ba773fcb6695a56eff220
Web page

mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2e877ff3492267def06dd50cb165dc9ab8838e7d

Patch Availability(8)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.11.0-28.28) @ oracular2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-lowlatency-64k (6.11.0-1015.16) @ oracular2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.14.0-22.22) @ plucky2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure (6.14.0-1007.7) @ plucky2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oem-24.04b (6.11.0-1024.24) @ noble2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-64k (6.14.0-1007.7) @ plucky2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-6.11 (6.11.0-1018.18) @ oracular2026-10-24ubuntu
linuxKernel @ 6.12.23 (fixes >=6.10.0)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(2 across 2 ecosystems)
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.12.25-1: fixed in 6.12.25-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.12.25-1: fixed in 6.12.25-1
—

All Vendor Advisories

(7)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 41× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 96 of 204 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 4 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 108 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-06 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
  2. 2026-11-05 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
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  12. 2026-10-26 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  13. 2026-10-25 16:42 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  15. 2026-10-24 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  16. 2026-10-24 01:10 UTCEG score recompute
  17. 2026-10-24 01:10 UTCVendor advisory
  18. 2026-10-24 01:10 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4297-r96p-57pp · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  19. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  20. 2026-10-22 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
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  22. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  23. 2026-10-19 23:25 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  25. 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
Show 71 more
  1. 2026-10-18 05:45 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-17 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  3. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  4. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  5. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  6. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  7. 2026-10-12 17:19 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  9. 2026-10-11 20:51 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-11 19:01 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-11 15:41 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  13. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  14. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
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  18. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  19. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  20. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
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  22. 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  23. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  24. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  25. 2026-09-27 03:45 UTCOSV refresh
  26. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  27. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
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  38. 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
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  40. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  41. 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  42. 2026-09-07 12:48 UTCOSV refresh
  43. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
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  57. 2026-08-20 22:01 UTCOSV refresh
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  59. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 17th percentile
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  71. 2026-08-05 13:59 UTCEG score recompute

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-22034?
CVE-2025-22034 is a medium-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on April 16, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs Patch series "mm: fixes for device-exclusive entries (hmm)", v2. Discussing the PageTail() call in make_device_exclusive_range() with Willy, I recently discovered [1] that…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-22034 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-22034 was published on April 16, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of August 5, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-22034 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-22034 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.3% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (20th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-22034?
CVE-2025-22034 has a CVSS v3 base score of 5.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-22034?
A fix for CVE-2025-22034 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

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