CVE-2025-21677

MEDIUMNVD 5.55.5—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

Score 5.5 from GitHub Security Advisory published 2025-01-31. NVD baseline CVSS 5.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: epss, ghsa, nvd
Trending — 4 sources updated this week
5.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorLow exploitation likelihood right now — keep watching.
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0%CVSS: 5.5Exploit: None knownExposed: 0

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.

pfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead of net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.

Even when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev). Then, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]

In this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is created in ns1.

ip netns add ns1 ip netns add ns2 ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp ip netns del ns1

Let's link the device to the socket's netns instead.

Now, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove all pfcp devices in the netns.

pfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted to the non-RCU variant.

pfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.

[0]: ref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236) inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252) __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558) udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18) pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168) pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197) rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012) rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922) netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542) netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347) netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891) ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583) ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639) __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669) do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83) entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)

WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) Modules linked in: CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 Workqueue: netns cleanup_net RIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) Code: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 <0f> 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89 RSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286 RAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c RBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af R10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230 R13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000 FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400 PKRU: 55555554 Call Trace: ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748) ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219) ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285) ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1)) ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621) ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194) ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158) ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761) net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467) cleanup_net (net/cor ---truncated---

CVSS v3
5.5
EG Score
5.5(medium)
EG Risk
29(Track)
EG Risk 29/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity55% × 45%
Exploitation0% × 40%
Automatability30% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS PROB
0%
EPSS %ILE
8%
KEV
Not listed

Published

January 31, 2025

Last Modified

August 5, 2026

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026
No patch confirmed yet.
generic

pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle. - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ffc90e9ca61b0f619326a1417ff32efd6cc71ed2
generic

pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle. - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1c35a66e2bfea53dea3562b2575ac7fd4c38ee61

Patch Availability(3)

Vendor / EcosystemFixed in / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-tools-azure (6.11.0-1013.13) @ oracular2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.11.0-24.24+1) @ oracular2026-05-30ubuntu
linuxKernel @ 6.12.11—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

All Vendor Advisories

(2)

Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 45× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 115 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-08-05 14:05 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-08-05 14:05 UTCVendor advisory
  6. 2026-08-05 14:05 UTCGHSA enrichment
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  14. 2026-07-30 07:24 UTCGHSA enrichment
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  23. 2026-07-23 02:50 UTCEG score recompute
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  1. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
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  22. 2026-07-07 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-07 11:51 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
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  27. 2026-07-05 02:30 UTCEPSS rescore
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  53. 2026-06-18 23:05 UTCOSV refresh
  54. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-21677?
CVE-2025-21677 is a medium vulnerability published on January 31, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle. pfcpnewlink() links the device to a list in devnet(dev) instead of net, where a udp tunnel socket is created. Even when net is removed, the device stays alive on…
When was CVE-2025-21677 disclosed?
CVE-2025-21677 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on January 31, 2025, with the most recent update on August 5, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-21677 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-21677 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 91.9% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-21677?
CVE-2025-21677 has a CVSS v3 base score of 5.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-21677?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-21677, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

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