CVE-2025-0938

MEDIUMNVD 6.36.3
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This medium-severity CVE scores 6.3 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 1.6% (74th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3
Trending — 4 sources updated this week
6.3EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 1.6%CVSS: 6.3Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

The Python standard library functions urllib.parse.urlsplit and urlparse accepted domain names that included square brackets which isn't valid according to RFC 3986. Square brackets are only meant to be used as delimiters for specifying IPv6 and IPvFuture hosts in URLs. This could result in differential parsing across the Python URL parser and other specification-compliant URL parsers.

CVSS v3
6.3
EG Score
6.3MEDIUMmedium confidence
EG Risk
29
EG Risk 29/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity63% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 6.3 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation1.6% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
1.6%
EPSS %ILE
74th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (6.3): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 6.3 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
6.3 MEDIUMCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
1.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-23). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

January 31, 2025

Last Modified

July 31, 2026

Advisory Details (9)

Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_pr, github_commit.
GitHub commit

commit ff4e5c25666f (python/cpython)

Fix landed in python/cpython commit ff4e5c25666f — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/ff4e5c25666f63544071a6b075ae8b25c98b7a32
GitHub commit

commit b8b4b713c5f8 (python/cpython)

Fix landed in python/cpython commit b8b4b713c5f8 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/b8b4b713c5f8ec0958c7ef8d29d6711889bc94ab
GitHub commit

commit 526617ed68cd (python/cpython)

Fix landed in python/cpython commit 526617ed68cd — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/526617ed68cde460236c973e5d0a8bad4de896ba
GitHub commit

commit a7084f6075c9 (python/cpython)

Fix landed in python/cpython commit a7084f6075c9 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/a7084f6075c9595ba60119ce8c62f1496f50c568
GitHub commit

commit 90e526ae67b1 (python/cpython)

Fix landed in python/cpython commit 90e526ae67b1 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/90e526ae67b172ed7c6c56e7edad36263b0f9403
GitHub commit

commit d89a5f6a6e65 (python/cpython)

Fix landed in python/cpython commit d89a5f6a6e65 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/d89a5f6a6e65511a5f6e0618c4c30a7aa5aba56a
Web page

Mailman 3 [CVE-2025-0938] URL parser allowed square brackets in domain names - Security-announce - python.org

https://mail.python.org/archives/list/[email protected]/thread/K4EUG6EKV6JYFIC24BASYOZS4M5XOQIB/
GitHub pull request

gh-105704: Disallow square brackets (`[` and `]`) in domain names for parsed URLs

Fix merged in python/cpython PR #129418 on 2025-01-31 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/129418
Web page

[CVE-2025-0938] urlparse does not flag hostname *containing* [ or ] as incorrect · Issue #105704 · python/cpython · GitHub

https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/105704

Patch Availability(12)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntupython3.5-venv (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.4~14.04.1+esm6) @ trusty2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntupython3.5-venv (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.13+esm16) @ xenial2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntupython2.7-minimal (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.18+esm16) @ xenial2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntupython2.7-minimal (2.7.6-8ubuntu0.6+esm28) @ trusty2026-10-24ubuntu
ubuntupython3.12-venv (3.12.3-1ubuntu0.5) @ noble2026-10-24ubuntu
redhatpython3-0:3.6.8-74.el8_102026-03-24redhat
redhatpython39-devel:3.9-8100020251126112422.d47b87a42025-12-18redhat
redhatdiscovery/discovery-ui-rhel9:1.14.2-17484676192025-06-02redhat
redhatpython3.12-0:3.12.9-1.el92025-05-13redhat
redhatpython3.11-0:3.11.11-2.el92025-05-13redhat
redhatpython3.9-0:3.9.21-2.el92025-05-13redhat
redhatpython3.12-0:3.12.9-1.el102025-05-13redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(15 across 11 ecosystems)
Debian:11(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
pypy37.3.5+dfsg-2, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u1, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u2, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u3, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u4
  • every version up to 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u5: fixed in 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u5
—
python3.93.9.2-1, 3.9.2-1+deb11u1, 3.9.2-1+deb11u2
  • every version up to 3.9.2-1+deb11u3: fixed in 3.9.2-1+deb11u3
—
Debian:12(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
pypy37.3.11+dfsg-2 ... 7.3.23+dfsg-1 (29 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
python3.113.11.2-6 ... 3.11.2-6+deb12u5 (6 versions)
  • every version up to 3.11.2-6+deb12u6: fixed in 3.11.2-6+deb12u6
—
Debian:13(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
pypy3—
  • every version up to 7.3.18+dfsg-2: fixed in 7.3.18+dfsg-2
—
python3.13—
  • every version up to 3.13.2-1: fixed in 3.13.2-1
—
Debian:14(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
pypy3—
  • every version up to 7.3.18+dfsg-2: fixed in 7.3.18+dfsg-2
—
python3.13—
  • every version up to 3.13.2-1: fixed in 3.13.2-1
—
Alpine:v3.18(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.11.12-r0: fixed in 3.11.12-r0
—
Alpine:v3.19(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.11.12-r0: fixed in 3.11.12-r0
—
Alpine:v3.20(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.12.9-r0: fixed in 3.12.9-r0
—
Alpine:v3.21(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.12.9-r0: fixed in 3.12.9-r0
—
Alpine:v3.22(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.12.9-r0: fixed in 3.12.9-r0
—
Alpine:v3.23(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.12.9-r0: fixed in 3.12.9-r0
—
Alpine:v3.24(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
python3—
  • every version up to 3.12.9-r0: fixed in 3.12.9-r0
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(9)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 11× in last 7d / 35× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 96 of 225 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 4 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 129 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-24 02:03 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-24 02:03 UTCVendor advisory
  3. 2026-10-24 02:03 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
  4. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  5. 2026-10-22 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  6. 2026-10-21 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  7. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  8. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  9. 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  10. 2026-10-18 05:53 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-17 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  12. 2026-10-16 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  13. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  14. 2026-10-14 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  15. 2026-10-13 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  16. 2026-10-12 17:28 UTCEG score recompute
  17. 2026-10-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  18. 2026-10-11 20:57 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-11 19:08 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-10-11 15:49 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-10-11 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  22. 2026-10-10 19:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  23. 2026-10-10 10:03 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  25. 2026-10-08 17:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
Show 71 more
  1. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  2. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  3. 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  4. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  5. 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  6. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  7. 2026-09-29 15:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  8. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  9. 2026-09-27 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  10. 2026-09-26 15:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  11. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  12. 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  13. 2026-09-22 14:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  14. 2026-09-20 19:44 UTCOSV refresh
  15. 2026-09-19 15:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  16. 2026-09-18 19:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
  17. 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  18. 2026-09-16 05:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  19. 2026-09-15 03:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  20. 2026-09-12 14:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  21. 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  22. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  23. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  24. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  25. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  26. 2026-09-04 13:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  27. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  28. 2026-09-02 14:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  29. 2026-09-01 19:35 UTCOSV refresh
  30. 2026-09-01 13:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  31. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  32. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 72nd percentile
  33. 2026-08-28 21:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 72nd percentile
  34. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  35. 2026-08-26 14:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
  36. 2026-08-25 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  37. 2026-08-24 14:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  38. 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  39. 2026-08-21 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  40. 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  41. 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  42. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  43. 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  44. 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  45. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  46. 2026-08-15 21:07 UTCOSV refresh
  47. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  48. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  49. 2026-08-12 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  50. 2026-08-10 23:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  51. 2026-08-09 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  52. 2026-08-08 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  53. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  54. 2026-08-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  55. 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  56. 2026-08-04 15:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  57. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
  58. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
  59. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
  60. 2026-08-01 04:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
  61. 2026-07-31 14:25 UTCVendor advisory
  62. 2026-07-31 14:25 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
  63. 2026-07-31 14:09 UTCVendor advisory
  64. 2026-07-31 14:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
  65. 2026-07-30 23:20 UTCVendor advisory
  66. 2026-07-30 23:20 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
  67. 2026-07-30 22:22 UTCEG score recompute
  68. 2026-07-30 22:22 UTCVendor advisory
  69. 2026-07-30 22:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
  70. 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
  71. 2026-07-30 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-0938?
CVE-2025-0938 is a medium-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on January 31, 2025. The Python standard library functions urllib.parse.urlsplit and urlparse accepted domain names that included square brackets which isn't valid according to RFC 3986. Square brackets are only meant to be used as delimiters for specifying IPv6 and IPvFuture hosts in URLs. This could result in…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-0938 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-0938 was published on January 31, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of July 31, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-0938 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-0938 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 1.6% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (74th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-0938?
CVE-2025-0938 has a CVSS v3 base score of 6.3 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-0938?
A fix for CVE-2025-0938 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-0938 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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