The Python standard library functions urllib.parse.urlsplit and urlparse accepted domain names that included square brackets which isn't valid according to RFC 3986. Square brackets are only meant to be used as delimiters for specifying IPv6 and IPvFuture hosts in URLs. This could result in differential parsing across the Python URL parser and other specification-compliant URL parsers.
CVE-2025-0938
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
This medium-severity CVE scores 6.3 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 1.6% (74th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.
- Lower severity and no public exploit yet
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 6.3
- EG Score
- 6.3MEDIUMmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 29EG Risk 29/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity63% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 6.3 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation1.6% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines. - EPSS PROB
- 1.6%
- EPSS %ILE
- 74th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (6.3): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 6.3 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 6.3 MEDIUMCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
- EG Likelihood
- 1.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-23). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
January 31, 2025
Last Modified
July 31, 2026
Advisory Details (9)
Auto-updated Jul 30, 2026commit ff4e5c25666f (python/cpython)
Fix landed in python/cpython commit ff4e5c25666f — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/ff4e5c25666f63544071a6b075ae8b25c98b7a32commit b8b4b713c5f8 (python/cpython)
Fix landed in python/cpython commit b8b4b713c5f8 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/b8b4b713c5f8ec0958c7ef8d29d6711889bc94abcommit 526617ed68cd (python/cpython)
Fix landed in python/cpython commit 526617ed68cd — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/526617ed68cde460236c973e5d0a8bad4de896bacommit a7084f6075c9 (python/cpython)
Fix landed in python/cpython commit a7084f6075c9 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/a7084f6075c9595ba60119ce8c62f1496f50c568commit 90e526ae67b1 (python/cpython)
Fix landed in python/cpython commit 90e526ae67b1 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/90e526ae67b172ed7c6c56e7edad36263b0f9403commit d89a5f6a6e65 (python/cpython)
Fix landed in python/cpython commit d89a5f6a6e65 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/d89a5f6a6e65511a5f6e0618c4c30a7aa5aba56aMailman 3 [CVE-2025-0938] URL parser allowed square brackets in domain names - Security-announce - python.org
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/[email protected]/thread/K4EUG6EKV6JYFIC24BASYOZS4M5XOQIB/gh-105704: Disallow square brackets (`[` and `]`) in domain names for parsed URLs
Fix merged in python/cpython PR #129418 on 2025-01-31 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/129418[CVE-2025-0938] urlparse does not flag hostname *containing* [ or ] as incorrect · Issue #105704 · python/cpython · GitHub
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/105704Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-0938(4)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
- RHSA-2026:5588Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: python3 security update
- RHSA-2025:23530Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: python39:3.9 security update
- RHSA-2025:8385Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: A Subscription Management tool for finding and reporting Red Hat product usage
- CVE-2025-0938Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC)Medium
URL parser allowed square brackets in domain names
Patch Availability(12)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ubuntu | python3.5-venv (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.4~14.04.1+esm6) @ trusty | 2026-10-24 | ubuntu |
| ubuntu | python3.5-venv (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.13+esm16) @ xenial | 2026-10-24 | ubuntu |
| ubuntu | python2.7-minimal (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.18+esm16) @ xenial | 2026-10-24 | ubuntu |
| ubuntu | python2.7-minimal (2.7.6-8ubuntu0.6+esm28) @ trusty | 2026-10-24 | ubuntu |
| ubuntu | python3.12-venv (3.12.3-1ubuntu0.5) @ noble | 2026-10-24 | ubuntu |
| redhat | python3-0:3.6.8-74.el8_10 | 2026-03-24 | redhat |
| redhat | python39-devel:3.9-8100020251126112422.d47b87a4 | 2025-12-18 | redhat |
| redhat | discovery/discovery-ui-rhel9:1.14.2-1748467619 | 2025-06-02 | redhat |
| redhat | python3.12-0:3.12.9-1.el9 | 2025-05-13 | redhat |
| redhat | python3.11-0:3.11.11-2.el9 | 2025-05-13 | redhat |
| redhat | python3.9-0:3.9.21-2.el9 | 2025-05-13 | redhat |
| redhat | python3.12-0:3.12.9-1.el10 | 2025-05-13 | redhat |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(15 across 11 ecosystems)
Debian:11(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| pypy3 | 7.3.5+dfsg-2, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u1, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u2, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u3, 7.3.5+dfsg-2+deb11u4 |
| — |
| python3.9 | 3.9.2-1, 3.9.2-1+deb11u1, 3.9.2-1+deb11u2 |
| — |
Debian:12(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| pypy3 | 7.3.11+dfsg-2 ... 7.3.23+dfsg-1 (29 versions) |
| — |
| python3.11 | 3.11.2-6 ... 3.11.2-6+deb12u5 (6 versions) |
| — |
Debian:13(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| pypy3 | — |
| — |
| python3.13 | — |
| — |
Debian:14(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| pypy3 | — |
| — |
| python3.13 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.18(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.19(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.20(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.21(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.22(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.23(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.24(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python3 | — |
| — |
Weakness Classification(1)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Additional Vendor Advisories
(9)
Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.
- Red HatRHBA-2025:6294MODERATE2025-01-31
RHBA-2025:6294 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2025:6977MODERATE2025-01-31
RHSA-2025:6977 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2025:7107MODERATE2025-01-31
RHSA-2025:7107 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2025:7109MODERATE2025-01-31
RHSA-2025:7109 — Moderate
- UbuntuUSN-7280-1MEDIUM
Python vulnerability
- UbuntuUSN-7280-2MEDIUM
Python vulnerability
- UbuntuUSN-7280-3MEDIUM
Python 2.7 regression
- UbuntuUSN-7348-1MEDIUM
Python vulnerabilities
- UbuntuUSN-7348-2MEDIUM
Python regression
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 11× in last 7d / 35× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 96 of 225 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 4 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 129 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-10-24 02:03 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 02:03 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-24 02:03 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
- 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-22 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-21 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-18 05:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-16 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-14 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-13 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-12 17:28 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-11 20:57 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 19:08 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 15:49 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-10 10:03 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-08 17:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
Show 71 moreShow fewer
- 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-29 15:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-27 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-22 14:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-20 19:44 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-19 15:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 74th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-16 05:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-12 14:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-04 13:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-09-01 19:35 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-01 13:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.6% · 73rd percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-15 21:07 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-10 23:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-09 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-08 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-04 15:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 72nd percentile
- 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
- 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
- 2026-08-01 04:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
- 2026-07-31 14:25 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-07-31 14:25 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
- 2026-07-31 14:09 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-07-31 14:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
- 2026-07-30 23:20 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-07-30 23:20 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
- 2026-07-30 22:22 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-07-30 22:22 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-07-30 22:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-5qjr-cj9f-phrx
- 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
- 2026-07-30 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.5% · 71st percentile
Related CVEs(same product + same vendor + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownAlpine:v3.18:python3
Same vendor
10 shownredhat:RHSA-2025:23530 · redhat:RHSA-2025:8385
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2025-0938?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-0938 published?
Is CVE-2025-0938 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-0938?
How do I remediate CVE-2025-0938?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2025-0938
Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2025-0938?
EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.