CVE-2023-28725

CRITICALNVD 9.19.1—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

Score 9.1 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2023-03-22. NVD baseline CVSS 9.1; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: epss, ghsa, nvd
Elevated
9.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 21%CVSS: 9.1Exploit: Elevated riskExposed: 0

No vendor fix yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for a patch.

General Bytes Crypto Application Server (CAS) 20230120, as distributed with General Bytes BATM devices, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code by uploading a Java application to the /batm/app/admin/standalone/deployments directory, aka BATM-4780, as exploited in the wild in March 2023. This is fixed in 20221118.48 and 20230120.44.

CVSS v3
9.1
EG Score
9.1(medium)
EG Risk
72(Attend)
EG Risk 72/100SSVC: Attend

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity91% × 45%
Exploitation40% × 40%
Automatability100% × 15%
Action: Remediate soon — notable exploitation risk.
EPSS PROB
21%
EPSS %ILE
97%
KEV
Not listed

Published

March 22, 2023

Last Modified

February 26, 2025

Advisory Details (7)

Auto-updated Aug 2, 2026
No patch confirmed yet.
generic
https://generalbytes.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/ESD/pages/951418958/Update+CAS
generic
https://generalbytes.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/ESD/pages/2885222430/Security+Incident+March+17-18th+2023
generic

Hackers drain bitcoin ATMs of $1.5 million by exploiting 0-day bug - Ars Technica

https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/hackers-drain-bitcoin-atms-of-1-5-million-by-exploiting-0-day-bug/
generic

Latest Changelog for BATM Management Platform - Stay Updated | GENERAL BYTES

https://www.generalbytes.com/en/support/changelog
generic

General Bytes Bitcoin ATMs hacked using zero-day, $1.5M stolen

https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/general-bytes-bitcoin-atms-hacked-using-zero-day-15m-stolen/
generic

General Bytes crypto ATMs exploited for over $1.6 million

https://web3isgoinggreat.com/single/general-bytes-crypto-atms-exploited-for-over-1-6-million
generic

GENERAL BYTES on X: "On March 17-18th, 2023, GENERAL BYTES experienced a security incident. We released a statement urging customers to take immediate action to protect their personal information. We urge all our customers to take immediate action to protect their funds and personal information and carefully read the security bulletin listed here: https://t.co/j6mYARPTG6" / X

https://twitter.com/generalbytes/status/1637192687160897537

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 26× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 149 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-09-08 21:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-09-05 15:25 UTCEPSS rescore
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  6. 2026-09-04 05:04 UTCEPSS rescore
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  9. 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescore
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  11. 2026-08-28 21:38 UTCEPSS rescore
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  14. 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
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  16. 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescore
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  18. 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescore
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  21. 2026-08-16 14:53 UTCEPSS rescore
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  24. 2026-08-13 21:58 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-08-12 13:48 UTCEPSS rescore
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  1. 2026-08-11 13:39 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-08-09 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-08-08 16:34 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-08-07 16:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-08-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-08-05 19:15 UTCEPSS rescore
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  8. 2026-08-04 15:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-08-04 10:35 UTCEPSS rescore
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  11. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescore
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  13. 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
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  17. 2026-07-28 15:34 UTCEPSS rescore
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  19. 2026-07-27 14:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-26 14:52 UTCEPSS rescore
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  22. 2026-07-25 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-24 14:15 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-23 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-07-23 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-07-23 02:20 UTCEG score recompute
  27. 2026-07-22 23:08 UTCEG score recompute
  28. 2026-07-22 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  29. 2026-07-22 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  30. 2026-07-21 15:23 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-07-20 17:06 UTCEPSS rescore
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  34. 2026-07-19 02:27 UTCEPSS rescore
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  36. 2026-07-18 10:03 UTCEPSS rescore
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  38. 2026-07-16 17:01 UTCEPSS rescore
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  40. 2026-07-15 16:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  41. 2026-07-15 16:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  42. 2026-07-13 22:28 UTCEPSS rescore
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  44. 2026-07-13 06:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-07-13 06:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-07-12 05:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-07-11 08:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-07-11 08:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-07-09 19:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-07-09 19:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-07-08 15:13 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-07-07 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-07-05 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
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  57. 2026-07-02 16:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-07-01 15:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-06-30 23:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  60. 2026-06-30 23:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-06-28 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
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  63. 2026-06-28 04:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  64. 2026-06-27 03:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  65. 2026-06-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  66. 2026-06-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  67. 2026-06-24 14:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  68. 2026-06-24 14:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  69. 2026-06-23 21:31 UTCEPSS rescore
  70. 2026-06-23 21:31 UTCEPSS rescore
  71. 2026-06-22 14:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  72. 2026-06-22 14:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  73. 2026-06-21 14:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  74. 2026-06-21 14:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  75. 2026-06-21 01:58 UTCEPSS rescore

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2023-28725?
CVE-2023-28725 is a critical vulnerability published on March 22, 2023. General Bytes Crypto Application Server (CAS) 20230120, as distributed with General Bytes BATM devices, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code by uploading a Java application to the /batm/app/admin/standalone/deployments directory, aka BATM-4780, as exploited in the wild in March…
When was CVE-2023-28725 disclosed?
CVE-2023-28725 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on March 22, 2023, with the most recent update on February 26, 2025. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2023-28725 actively exploited?
CVE-2023-28725 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 21% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 2.6% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-28725?
CVE-2023-28725 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.1 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2023-28725?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2023-28725, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

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