The devise_masquerade gem before 1.3 allows certain attacks when a password's salt is unknown. An application that uses this gem to let administrators masquerade/impersonate users loses one layer of security protection compared to a situation where Devise (without this extension) is used. If the server-side secret_key_base value became publicly known (for instance if it is committed to a public repository by mistake), there are still other protections in place that prevent an attacker from impersonating any user on the site. When masquerading is not used in a plain Devise application, one must know the password salt of the target user if one wants to encrypt and sign a valid session cookie. When devise_masquerade is used, however, an attacker can decide which user the "back" action will go back to without knowing that user's password salt and simply knowing the user ID, by manipulating the session cookie and pretending that a user is already masqueraded by an administrator.
CVE-2021-28680
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
This high-severity CVE scores 8.1 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 1.2% (69th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.
- High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 8.1
- EG Score
- 8.1HIGHmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 37EG Risk 37/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity81% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation1.2% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's BOD 26-04 default: no one has published Automatable for this CVE, and CISA treats it as “no” for a CVE not in KEV.SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).Exploitation none (no CISA value, KEV listing or exploit code on record) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). EchelonGraph holds no SSVC assessment of this CVE from CISA: none of these inputs is from Vulnrichment. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines. - EPSS PROB
- 1.2%
- EPSS %ILE
- 69th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (8.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 8.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
- EG Likelihood
- 1.2% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-20). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
Exploitation none (no CISA value, KEV listing or exploit code on record) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). EchelonGraph holds no SSVC assessment of this CVE from CISA: none of these inputs is from Vulnrichment. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). Where an input reads “CISA's BOD 26-04 default”, no one has published it for this CVE, and CISA's implementation guidance says: “If “Automatable” and “Technical Impact” information items about a CVE ID are not available and the CVE ID is not in the KEV Catalog, CISA will treat its values as “no” and “total,” respectively, until CISA or a third party provides metadata about the CVE ID. CISA will always provide the Vulnrichment data for a CVE ID listed in the KEV Catalog.” Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
December 7, 2021
Last Modified
November 21, 2024
Advisory Details (2)
Auto-updated Sep 15, 2026Laban Sköllermark | The Devise Extension That Peeled off One Layer of the Security Onion (CVE-2021-28680)
https://labanskoller.se/blog/2021/03/23/the-devise-extension-that-peeled-off-one-layer-of-the-security-onion-cve-2021-28680/CVE-2021-28680: One layer of security is lost when using devise_masquerade under certain circumstances in versions before 1.3 · Issue #83 · oivoodoo/devise_masquerade · GitHub
https://github.com/oivoodoo/devise_masquerade/issues/83Affected Packages
(1 across 1 ecosystem)
RubyGems(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| devise_masquerade | 0.0.1 ... 1.3.0 (36 versions) |
| — |
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 36× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 91 of 193 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 9 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 102 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-10-21 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 69th percentile
- 2026-10-21 10:02 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-20 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-19 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-18 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-18 09:04 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-17 14:25 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-16 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-14 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-13 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-12 19:19 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-11 23:44 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-04 23:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-02 16:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
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- 2026-10-01 19:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:34 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-30 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-09-29 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-27 13:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-26 00:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-25 11:06 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-24 14:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-21 20:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-19 15:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-09-17 19:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-13 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-12 14:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-08 21:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-07 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-06 02:30 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-05 15:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-04 13:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-04 05:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-09-01 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
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- 2026-08-30 19:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 66th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-19 13:32 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-18 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-17 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-16 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-15 01:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-11 13:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-09 13:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-08 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-07 16:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-06 13:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-04 15:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-04 10:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-04 09:27 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-03 10:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-02 02:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-08-01 04:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-07-30 16:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-07-30 01:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-07-28 15:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-07-26 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2021-28680?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2021-28680 published?
Is CVE-2021-28680 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2021-28680?
How do I remediate CVE-2021-28680?
Dependency Blast Radius
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