CVE-2016-4558

HIGHNVD 7.07.0—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

Score 7.0 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2022-05-17. NVD baseline CVSS 7.0; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: epss, ghsa, nvd
Weaponized
7.0EG
EchelonGraph verdictPatch this weekExploitation is likely or a public exploit exists.
  • Public exploit code is available (Exploit-DB (verified), public exploit)
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.9%CVSS: 7.0Exploit: Exploit-DB (verified) · public exploitExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

The BPF subsystem in the Linux kernel before 4.5.5 mishandles reference counts, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (use-after-free) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted application on (1) a system with more than 32 Gb of memory, related to the program reference count or (2) a 1 Tb system, related to the map reference count.

CVSS v3
7.0
EG Score
7.0HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
62
EG Risk 62/100CISA SSVC

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity70% × 45%
Exploitation65% × 40%
Automatability30% × 15%
CISA SSVC: Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* or Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.9%
EPSS %ILE
57th
KEV
Not listed

CISA SSVCTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* or Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (EG-KEV: weaponized) · Automatable unknown (not published for this CVE) · Technical impact partial (CVSS below 9.0). Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it: high means the affected system is essential to your organisation's mission, or its compromise could cause irreversible harm to people. CISA's decision table

Published

May 23, 2016

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

References (16)

Patch Availability(3)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-image-extra-4.4.0-24-generic (4.4.0-24.43~14.04.1) @ trusty2026-05-22ubuntu
ubuntulinux-image-4.4.0-1012-raspi2 (4.4.0-1012.16) @ xenial2026-05-22ubuntu
ubuntulinux-image-extra-4.4.0-24-generic (4.4.0-24.43) @ xenial2026-05-22ubuntu

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(4 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 4.5.3-1: fixed in 4.5.3-1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 4.5.3-1: fixed in 4.5.3-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 4.5.3-1: fixed in 4.5.3-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 4.5.3-1: fixed in 4.5.3-1
—

All Vendor Advisories

(3)

Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 6× in last 7d / 21× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 159 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-10-05 17:38 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-10-04 23:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-10-03 14:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-10-01 19:43 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-09-30 14:58 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-09-30 09:13 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-09-28 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-09-27 13:40 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-09-26 15:53 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-09-26 15:53 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-09-24 13:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-09-23 13:41 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-09-19 15:35 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-09-19 00:30 UTCOSV refresh
  15. 2026-09-18 19:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-09-17 19:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-09-15 03:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-09-13 16:41 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-09-12 14:55 UTCEPSS rescore
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  21. 2026-09-07 15:56 UTCEPSS rescore
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  23. 2026-09-02 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-09-01 03:31 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-08-31 04:08 UTCOSV refresh
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-08-30 19:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-08-27 14:20 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-08-26 14:41 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-08-25 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-08-23 00:13 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-08-21 23:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-08-19 16:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-08-18 13:43 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-08-17 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-08-16 14:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-08-16 02:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-08-15 01:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-08-14 12:15 UTCOSV refresh
  14. 2026-08-12 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-08-11 13:36 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-08-09 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-08-08 16:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-08-06 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-08-05 19:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-08-04 15:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-08-04 10:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-08-02 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-08-01 04:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-30 16:23 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-07-30 01:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-07-30 00:07 UTCOSV refresh
  27. 2026-07-28 15:31 UTCEPSS rescore
  28. 2026-07-26 14:50 UTCEPSS rescore
  29. 2026-07-25 14:13 UTCEPSS rescore
  30. 2026-07-23 14:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-07-23 01:23 UTCEG score recompute
  32. 2026-07-22 22:02 UTCEG score recompute
  33. 2026-07-22 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  34. 2026-07-21 15:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  35. 2026-07-21 15:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  36. 2026-07-20 17:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  37. 2026-07-19 14:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  38. 2026-07-19 02:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  39. 2026-07-19 02:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  40. 2026-07-18 10:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  41. 2026-07-18 10:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  42. 2026-07-16 16:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  43. 2026-07-16 16:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  44. 2026-07-15 16:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-07-15 16:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-07-15 01:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-07-15 01:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-07-13 22:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-07-13 06:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-07-12 10:07 UTCOSV refresh
  51. 2026-07-12 05:43 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-07-12 05:43 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-07-11 08:23 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-07-09 19:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-07-08 15:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-07-07 13:42 UTCEPSS rescore
  57. 2026-07-06 16:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-07-06 16:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-07-06 02:20 UTCEPSS rescore
  60. 2026-07-06 02:20 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-07-05 02:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  62. 2026-07-04 06:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  63. 2026-07-01 15:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  64. 2026-06-30 23:19 UTCEPSS rescore
  65. 2026-06-29 14:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  66. 2026-06-28 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  67. 2026-06-28 04:53 UTCEPSS rescore
  68. 2026-06-27 03:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  69. 2026-06-27 03:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  70. 2026-06-25 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  71. 2026-06-25 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  72. 2026-06-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  73. 2026-06-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  74. 2026-06-23 21:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  75. 2026-06-23 15:20 UTCOSV refresh

Publicly available exploits

(1 reference)

Working exploit code is in the public domain (1 Exploit-DB entry). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly — public PoCs typically lead to mass-exploitation within 24-72 hours.

  • Exploit-DBEDB-39773✓ verified
    First seen May 4, 2016

    Linux Kernel (Ubuntu 16.04) - Reference Count Overflow Using BPF Maps

    Open source ↗

Related CVEs(same vendor)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2016-4558?
CVE-2016-4558 is a high vulnerability published on May 23, 2016. The BPF subsystem in the Linux kernel before 4.5.5 mishandles reference counts, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (use-after-free) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted application on (1) a system with more than 32 Gb of memory, related to the program reference…
When was CVE-2016-4558 disclosed?
CVE-2016-4558 was first published on May 23, 2016, with the most recent update on June 17, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2016-4558 actively exploited?
CVE-2016-4558 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. EchelonGraph's EG-KEV model classifies it as weaponized: a functional public exploit exists. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.9% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (57th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2016-4558?
CVE-2016-4558 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.0 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2016-4558?
A fix for CVE-2016-4558 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

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