CVE-2012-0391

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8—
EchelonGraph scoreHIGH confidence

Score elevated to 9.8 because this CVE is listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog (added 2022-01-21), indicating real-world exploitation has been confirmed by US federal agencies. NVD baseline CVSS 9.8 retained for reference. Confidence: HIGH.

Triggered by: CISA KEV (actively exploited)
Sources: cisa_kev, epss, nvd
Exploited in the wild
9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPatch nowTreat as an emergency — this is being exploited.
  • Actively exploited in the wild (CISA-KEV)
CISA-KEV: ExploitedEPSS PROB: 76%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: cisa kev · ssvc active · Metasploit · Exploit-DB (verified) · epss top5pct · epss high · public exploitExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

The ExceptionDelegator component in Apache Struts before 2.2.3.1 interprets parameter values as OGNL expressions during certain exception handling for mismatched data types of properties, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted parameter.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALhigh confidence
EG Risk
99
EG Risk 99/100CISA SSVC

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity98% × 45%
Exploitation100% × 40%
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA SSVC: Attend at low mission impact; Act at medium or high.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it sooner than your standard update timelines at low mission impact and as soon as possible at medium or high.
EPSS PROB
76%
EPSS %ILE
99th
KEV
⚠ Exploited

CISA SSVCAttend at low mission impact; Act at medium or high.

A fix is available. Apply it sooner than your standard update timelines at low mission impact and as soon as possible at medium or high.

Exploitation active (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it: high means the affected system is essential to your organisation's mission, or its compromise could cause irreversible harm to people. CISA's decision table

Published

January 8, 2012

Last Modified

April 22, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Oct 8, 2026
🔬 Proof of concept available. Patch available.
generic

Secunia Research & Vulnerability Insights | Flexera

http://secunia.com/advisories/47393
generic

[WW-3668] Vulnerability: User input is evaluated as an OGNL expression when there's a conversion error. - ASF Jira

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WW-3668
generic🟡 PoC Available

Apache Struts 2 < 2.3.1 - Multiple Vulnerabilities - Multiple webapps Exploit

http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18329
generic

S2-008 - Apache Struts 2 Wiki - Apache Software Foundation

http://struts.apache.org/2.x/docs/s2-008.html

Affected Packages

(2 across 1 ecosystem)
Maven(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
org.apache.struts:struts2-core2.0.11 ... 2.2.3 (16 versions)
  • every version up to 2.2.3.1: fixed in 2.2.3.1
—
org.apache.struts.xwork:xwork-core2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.3
  • every version up to 2.2.3.1: fixed in 2.2.3.1
—

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 6× in last 7d / 40× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 201 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-10-09 22:13 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-09 20:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-10-08 02:50 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-07 23:39 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-10-05 18:26 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-05 17:37 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-10-02 16:37 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-01 23:12 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-09-29 19:09 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-09-29 01:43 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-09-28 17:04 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-09-28 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-09-27 21:51 UTCCISA KEV update
  14. 2026-09-26 17:14 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-09-26 15:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-09-25 19:35 UTCCISA KEV update
  17. 2026-09-25 14:55 UTCCISA KEV update
  18. 2026-09-24 19:31 UTCCISA KEV update
  19. 2026-09-24 17:12 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-09-24 13:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-09-22 19:36 UTCCISA KEV update
  22. 2026-09-22 17:31 UTCEG score recompute
  23. 2026-09-22 00:02 UTCEG score recompute
  24. 2026-09-21 19:09 UTCCISA KEV update
  25. 2026-09-18 22:18 UTCEG score recompute
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-09-18 19:20 UTCCISA KEV update
  2. 2026-09-18 14:15 UTCCISA KEV update
  3. 2026-09-17 20:18 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-09-16 18:18 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-09-16 14:10 UTCCISA KEV update
  6. 2026-09-16 13:58 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-09-16 05:17 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-09-15 03:18 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-09-15 03:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-09-14 19:24 UTCCISA KEV update
  11. 2026-09-12 18:59 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-09-11 18:49 UTCCISA KEV update
  13. 2026-09-11 12:38 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-09-11 09:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-09-10 19:28 UTCCISA KEV update
  16. 2026-09-10 10:36 UTCEG score recompute
  17. 2026-09-09 19:08 UTCCISA KEV update
  18. 2026-09-08 23:51 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-09-08 18:54 UTCCISA KEV update
  20. 2026-09-06 15:07 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-09-05 17:28 UTCEG score recompute
  22. 2026-09-05 15:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-09-04 17:38 UTCCISA KEV update
  24. 2026-09-04 15:24 UTCEG score recompute
  25. 2026-09-04 13:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-09-02 17:33 UTCCISA KEV update
  27. 2026-09-02 15:22 UTCEG score recompute
  28. 2026-08-31 14:19 UTCCISA KEV update
  29. 2026-08-30 21:57 UTCEG score recompute
  30. 2026-08-30 04:37 UTCEG score recompute
  31. 2026-08-28 22:09 UTCEG score recompute
  32. 2026-08-28 21:34 UTCEPSS rescore
  33. 2026-08-27 17:22 UTCCISA KEV update
  34. 2026-08-26 17:53 UTCEG score recompute
  35. 2026-08-26 17:41 UTCCISA KEV update
  36. 2026-08-26 14:40 UTCEPSS rescore
  37. 2026-08-25 15:45 UTCEG score recompute
  38. 2026-08-24 18:52 UTCCISA KEV update
  39. 2026-08-24 18:04 UTCEG score recompute
  40. 2026-08-24 09:24 UTCEG score recompute
  41. 2026-08-22 01:01 UTCEG score recompute
  42. 2026-08-21 23:43 UTCEPSS rescore
  43. 2026-08-21 16:49 UTCCISA KEV update
  44. 2026-08-20 23:02 UTCEG score recompute
  45. 2026-08-20 17:06 UTCCISA KEV update
  46. 2026-08-19 21:01 UTCEG score recompute
  47. 2026-08-19 17:33 UTCCISA KEV update
  48. 2026-08-19 16:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-08-18 16:58 UTCCISA KEV update
  50. 2026-08-17 13:56 UTCCISA KEV update
  51. 2026-08-16 06:07 UTCEG score recompute
  52. 2026-08-16 02:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-08-15 04:08 UTCEG score recompute
  54. 2026-08-15 01:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-08-12 15:32 UTCEG score recompute
  56. 2026-08-11 19:32 UTCCISA KEV update
  57. 2026-08-11 17:53 UTCEG score recompute
  58. 2026-08-07 18:38 UTCEG score recompute
  59. 2026-08-07 17:09 UTCCISA KEV update
  60. 2026-08-07 16:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-08-05 23:19 UTCEG score recompute
  62. 2026-08-05 19:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  63. 2026-08-05 17:25 UTCCISA KEV update
  64. 2026-08-04 17:02 UTCCISA KEV update
  65. 2026-08-03 19:22 UTCCISA KEV update
  66. 2026-07-30 19:46 UTCEG score recompute
  67. 2026-07-30 11:04 UTCEG score recompute
  68. 2026-07-30 02:24 UTCEG score recompute
  69. 2026-07-30 01:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  70. 2026-07-29 19:27 UTCCISA KEV update
  71. 2026-07-27 19:24 UTCCISA KEV update
  72. 2026-07-27 17:17 UTCCISA KEV update
  73. 2026-07-26 15:45 UTCEG score recompute
  74. 2026-07-26 11:25 UTCEG score recompute
  75. 2026-07-26 02:43 UTCEG score recompute

Publicly available exploits

(3 references)

Working exploit code is in the public domain (1 Metasploit module) (2 Exploit-DB entries). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly — public PoCs typically lead to mass-exploitation within 24-72 hours.

  • Exploit-DBEDB-18984✓ verified
    First seen Jun 5, 2012

    Apache Struts 2.2.1.1 - Remote Command Execution (Metasploit)

    Open source ↗
  • Exploit-DBEDB-18329✓ verified
    First seen Jan 6, 2012

    Apache Struts 2 < 2.3.1 - Multiple Vulnerabilities

    Open source ↗
  • Metasploitexploit/multi/http/struts_code_exec_exception_delegator✓ verified
    First seen Jan 6, 2012

    Apache Struts Remote Command Execution

    Open source ↗

Related CVEs(same product)

Frequently asked(6)

What is CVE-2012-0391?
CVE-2012-0391 is a critical vulnerability published on January 8, 2012. The ExceptionDelegator component in Apache Struts before 2.2.3.1 interprets parameter values as OGNL expressions during certain exception handling for mismatched data types of properties, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted parameter.
When was CVE-2012-0391 disclosed?
CVE-2012-0391 was first published on January 8, 2012, with the most recent update on April 22, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2012-0391 actively exploited?
Yes. CISA added CVE-2012-0391 to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on January 21, 2022, affecting Apache Struts 2. KEV listing indicates confirmed exploitation in the wild; this CVE warrants immediate attention. A fix is available. Apply it.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2012-0391?
CVE-2012-0391 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
Which products are affected by CVE-2012-0391?
CVE-2012-0391 affects Apache Struts 2. The affected packages EchelonGraph has on record, with version ranges, are listed in the Affected Packages section of this page.
How do I remediate CVE-2012-0391?
A fix for CVE-2012-0391 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2012-0391

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2012-0391?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.

Book a Demo →Browse All CVEs