CVE-2012-0391

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8—
EchelonGraph scoreHIGH confidence

Score elevated to 9.8 because this CVE is listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog (added 2022-01-21), indicating real-world exploitation has been confirmed by US federal agencies. NVD baseline CVSS 9.8 retained for reference. Confidence: HIGH.

Triggered by: CISA KEV (actively exploited)
Sources: cisa_kev, epss, nvd
Trending — 3 sources updated this weekExploited in the wild
9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPatch nowTreat as an emergency — this is being exploited.
  • Actively exploited in the wild (CISA-KEV)
CISA-KEV: ExploitedEPSS PROB: 76%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: cisa kev · ssvc active · Metasploit · Exploit-DB (verified) · epss top5pct · epss high · public exploitExposed: 0

No vendor fix yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for a patch.

The ExceptionDelegator component in Apache Struts before 2.2.3.1 interprets parameter values as OGNL expressions during certain exception handling for mismatched data types of properties, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted parameter.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8(high)
EG Risk
99(Act)
EG Risk 99/100SSVC: Act

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity98% × 45%
Exploitation100% × 40%
Automatability100% × 15%
Action: Fix now — active exploitation, automatable, high impact.
EPSS PROB
76%
EPSS %ILE
99%
KEV
⚠ Exploited

Published

January 8, 2012

Last Modified

April 22, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Aug 26, 2026
🔬 Proof of concept available. No patch confirmed yet.
generic

[WW-3668] Vulnerability: User input is evaluated as an OGNL expression when there's a conversion error. - ASF Jira

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WW-3668
generic🟡 PoC Available

Apache Struts 2 < 2.3.1 - Multiple Vulnerabilities - Multiple webapps Exploit

http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18329
generic

About Secunia Research | Flexera

http://secunia.com/advisories/47393
generic

S2-008 - Apache Struts 2 Wiki - Apache Software Foundation

http://struts.apache.org/2.x/docs/s2-008.html

Affected Packages

(2 across 1 ecosystem)
Maven(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
org.apache.struts:struts2-core2.0.11 ... 2.2.3 (16 versions)2.2.3.1—
org.apache.struts.xwork:xwork-core2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.32.2.3.1—

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 12× in last 7d / 36× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 140 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-08-25 15:45 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-08-24 18:52 UTCCISA KEV update
  3. 2026-08-24 18:04 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-08-24 09:24 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-08-22 01:01 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-08-21 23:43 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-08-21 16:49 UTCCISA KEV update
  8. 2026-08-20 23:02 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-08-20 17:06 UTCCISA KEV update
  10. 2026-08-19 21:01 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-08-19 17:33 UTCCISA KEV update
  12. 2026-08-19 16:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-08-18 16:58 UTCCISA KEV update
  14. 2026-08-17 13:56 UTCCISA KEV update
  15. 2026-08-16 06:07 UTCEG score recompute
  16. 2026-08-16 02:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-08-15 04:08 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-08-15 01:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-08-12 15:32 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-08-11 19:32 UTCCISA KEV update
  21. 2026-08-11 17:53 UTCEG score recompute
  22. 2026-08-07 18:38 UTCEG score recompute
  23. 2026-08-07 17:09 UTCCISA KEV update
  24. 2026-08-07 16:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-08-05 23:19 UTCEG score recompute
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-08-05 19:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-08-05 17:25 UTCCISA KEV update
  3. 2026-08-04 17:02 UTCCISA KEV update
  4. 2026-08-03 19:22 UTCCISA KEV update
  5. 2026-07-30 19:46 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-07-30 11:04 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-07-30 02:24 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-07-30 01:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-29 19:27 UTCCISA KEV update
  10. 2026-07-27 19:24 UTCCISA KEV update
  11. 2026-07-27 17:17 UTCCISA KEV update
  12. 2026-07-26 15:45 UTCEG score recompute
  13. 2026-07-26 11:25 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-07-26 02:43 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-07-25 14:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-07-23 14:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-07-23 01:06 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-07-23 00:10 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-07-22 21:48 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-07-22 19:40 UTCCISA KEV update
  21. 2026-07-22 14:36 UTCEG score recompute
  22. 2026-07-22 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-22 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-21 14:37 UTCCISA KEV update
  25. 2026-07-20 17:04 UTCEG score recompute
  26. 2026-07-20 17:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  27. 2026-07-20 17:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  28. 2026-07-17 10:57 UTCEG score recompute
  29. 2026-07-16 17:04 UTCCISA KEV update
  30. 2026-07-15 16:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-07-15 16:54 UTCEPSS rescore
  32. 2026-07-15 16:49 UTCCISA KEV update
  33. 2026-07-15 15:04 UTCCISA KEV update
  34. 2026-07-14 18:05 UTCCISA KEV update
  35. 2026-07-13 17:07 UTCCISA KEV update
  36. 2026-07-13 06:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  37. 2026-07-11 08:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  38. 2026-07-10 17:52 UTCCISA KEV update
  39. 2026-07-09 19:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  40. 2026-07-07 19:01 UTCCISA KEV update
  41. 2026-07-07 17:16 UTCCISA KEV update
  42. 2026-07-05 02:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  43. 2026-07-02 14:01 UTCEPSS rescore
  44. 2026-07-01 19:16 UTCCISA KEV update
  45. 2026-07-01 15:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-06-30 23:19 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-06-30 23:19 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-06-29 19:12 UTCCISA KEV update
  49. 2026-06-29 14:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-06-27 03:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-06-27 03:05 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-06-25 19:15 UTCCISA KEV update
  53. 2026-06-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-06-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-06-23 21:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-06-23 17:44 UTCCISA KEV update
  57. 2026-06-21 01:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-06-21 01:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-06-18 16:13 UTCCISA KEV update
  60. 2026-06-17 17:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-06-17 17:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  62. 2026-06-16 19:33 UTCCISA KEV update
  63. 2026-06-16 17:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  64. 2026-06-16 17:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  65. 2026-06-15 19:33 UTCCISA KEV update
  66. 2026-06-15 17:44 UTCEPSS rescore
  67. 2026-06-12 23:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  68. 2026-06-12 17:35 UTCCISA KEV update
  69. 2026-06-11 19:10 UTCCISA KEV update
  70. 2026-06-10 22:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  71. 2026-06-10 13:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  72. 2026-06-09 18:42 UTCCISA KEV update
  73. 2026-06-09 17:12 UTCCISA KEV update
  74. 2026-06-08 19:16 UTCCISA KEV update
  75. 2026-06-08 17:26 UTCCISA KEV update

Publicly available exploits

(3 references)

Working exploit code is in the public domain (1 Metasploit module) (2 Exploit-DB entries). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly — public PoCs typically lead to mass-exploitation within 24-72 hours.

  • Exploit-DBEDB-18984✓ verified
    First seen Jun 5, 2012

    Apache Struts 2.2.1.1 - Remote Command Execution (Metasploit)

    Open source ↗
  • Exploit-DBEDB-18329✓ verified
    First seen Jan 6, 2012

    Apache Struts 2 < 2.3.1 - Multiple Vulnerabilities

    Open source ↗
  • Metasploitexploit/multi/http/struts_code_exec_exception_delegator✓ verified
    First seen Jan 6, 2012

    Apache Struts Remote Command Execution

    Open source ↗

Frequently asked(6)

What is CVE-2012-0391?
CVE-2012-0391 is a critical vulnerability published on January 8, 2012. The ExceptionDelegator component in Apache Struts before 2.2.3.1 interprets parameter values as OGNL expressions during certain exception handling for mismatched data types of properties, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted parameter.
When was CVE-2012-0391 disclosed?
CVE-2012-0391 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on January 8, 2012, with the most recent update on April 22, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2012-0391 actively exploited?
Yes. CISA added CVE-2012-0391 to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on January 21, 2022, affecting Apache Struts 2. KEV listing indicates confirmed exploitation in the wild; this CVE warrants immediate patching attention.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2012-0391?
CVE-2012-0391 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
Which products are affected by CVE-2012-0391?
CVE-2012-0391 affects Apache Struts 2. The full affected-products list, including version ranges and fixed versions, is shown in the Affected Packages section of this page.
How do I remediate CVE-2012-0391?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2012-0391, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

Dependency Blast Radius

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